¿Podrían los mongoles haber conquistado Europa? Aquí argumentan que sí

Would the Mongols have conquered Europe if their Great Khan hadn't died?




Objective History
HistoryUpvoted by
Philip W
, Major History BuffUpdated Dec 27
I am about to give an objective answer without any biased statements from both sides.
There are several reasons made by European historians, like lack of pastures, numerous castles and knights. However, all of those arguments possess weak spots.
Lets start with lack of pastures, during the invasion or raid made by invaders in 1241–1242 , there is a statement that Mongols left Hungary due to lack of pastures ,therefore they would be unable to feed their horses , thus making it impossible for them to take over the rest of the continent. However, there had been huns, avars and Hungarians themselves ,who made successful invasions into Italy, Germany and France before. So, the reason is not convincing.
As to the castles, the Mongols possessed knowledge way before the invasion of Europe, they took over a lot of castles within Middle East, China, Central Asia, Korea . However there was a huge difference between those invasions and that of Europe. First of all , Mongols didn't lay long sieges towards European fortifications, therefore , we did not see any kind of great engineering works like in China or Central Asia. According to the Master Roger, there was no engineering works, like undermining the walls ,flooding the cities ( Mongol invasion of Tangut). He did mentioned ,that invaders constructed around 30 Trebuchets during the siege of Esztergom ( capital of Hungarian kingdom) , the Mongols took over the city ,but didn't try to occupy the citadel, they did not even strive to starve out the citadel. Master Roger did not write any description of long sieges , the same occasion happened in Poland. Thomas of Split also did not mention any kind of concentrated sieges with using engineering works. The author even doubt that Mongols ever used siege machines (trebuchets) and consider it as a fairy tale , cause he simply did not witness it during Kadans pursuit of King Bella the 4th (Siege of Klis). Meanwhile, Mongols spent a lot amount of time to conquer China or Khrazmshahs empire . For example, Jin dynasty was destroyed within 24 years. One of episode of that campaign was the siege of Beijing, the Mongols laid siege over a year, and garrison surrendered finally due to starvation. Why Mongols did not take over a wide array of castles in Europe ? Simply, they did not wish, initially, the invasion of Europe not planned. According to the “Secret history of the Mongols”, the final conquest point was Kiev(which possessed stone fortification and fell upon the Mongols) , the campaign into Hungary, Bulgaria happened due to their allowance to Kipchaks and their khan Kotyan to settle down there, there was even latter from Ogodei Khan to Bella not to accept them as refugees. I personally tend to believe ,that it was a reconnaissance raid, in order to get a useful data about future opponents, that why they did not even incorporate occupied Hungary or Lesser Poland into the Empire.

As to castles, there is a myth ,that the European castles were impregnable , however the mamluks of Egypt's proved that the statement is not correct. The mamluks captured the strongest fortifications of the West ( Krak des chevalires,Acre, Sidon,) with ease, by using great engineering works, like undermining the walls and placed a lot of counterweight trebuchets against defenders. It took a month for taking the strongest of them, meanwhile other castles taken within days. They even constructed wicker barricades against enemy's crossbowmen , who shoot down from fortifications towers. So the Mongols possessed the same capabilities as mamluks did.
A lot of people might remember the invasion of Hungary in 1285 and Poland in 1287, however the historians still doubt , was there an invasion or raid , in order to take booties. Such raids were not unusual, similar raids conducted against The Abbasid Caliphate( 1235,1242, 1245) all of them were repelled , and in 1242, the Mongol army was even defeated by the caliphates army. However, it did not save caliphates downfall in 1258, when Mongke khan decided to occupy the state finally. Additionally, those campaign against Hungary and Poland appeared after the collapse of the Mongol Empire in 1269.
As for the knights , they did not prove them into the battlefields, they annihilated by the Mongols , battle of mohi, Legnica, Thrace( between Mongols and Latin empire) proved the superiority of the nomads. Even, after a long period of time ,the Golden Horde was able to defeat the whole Eastern and Central European armies in Battle of Vorskla in 1399.
Update: 26 December 2022
The Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241–1242

Despite the claim of importance from European advocates, the Mongols did not put Europe at first place, the main objective was the conquest of Kipchak steepe. According to the “Secret history of the Mongols” and “Jami' al-tawarikh” , the campaign of 1235–1242 called as “Kipchak campaign” . Kipchaks were the main enemy of the Mongols. As to the Europe, the Mongol waged the was for a year in Central Europe. For that period of time, the invaders defeated all Eastern European some Central European powers, including Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Latin Empire, before that Kievan Rus. The campaign of Europe was the last checkpoint of the the nomads. The Mongol defeated European powers in all pitch battles, such as battle of Mohi, Thrace and Legnica.
Pitch battles

Battle of Tursko - Wikipedia
Battle in 1241 in Poland The Battle of Tursko (or Tursko Wielkie ) took place on 13 February 1241, during the First Mongol invasion of Poland . It ended in the defeat of the Polish forces of the ziemia of Kraków . In early February 1241, Polish forces under the voivode of Kraków Włodzimierz blocked the road towards Kraków, concentrating in the area of Miechów . Meanwhile, Mongol forces headed towards Kraków via Koprzywnica , Wiślica and Skalbmierz , then withdrew to Tursko Wielkie . ***owing the order of the voivode, the Poles decided to pursue the Mongols. The Mongol commander Baidar was probably aware of it, using mock retreat to find a better position for the battle. According to Jan Długosz , the first clash ended in a Polish victory and the release of a number of prisoners. The second clash however, resulted in the complete defeat of the Polish knights. [2] One of the reasons for the success of the Mongols' counterattack was that the Polish forces, having captured the Mongol camp, focused on looting it rather than worrying about the still significant enemy forces. [3] Aftermath [ edit ] Though the outcome was a decisive Mongol victory, the course of the battle is difficult to determine due to the unreliability of the Polish sources and absence of Mongol sources. In all probability, given how they conducted numerous other campaigns, the Mongols may have issued a false retreat and lured the Poles into overconfidence. Then the Mongols struck the Poles when they were disorganized, routed, and slaughtered them. [4] Remnants of fortifications were visible near Tursko until recently and were associated with a Mongol camp; the locals called this place "Zamczysko" ("castle remnants"). [5] Construction of a monument commemorating the battle began in Tursko Wielkie in early 2012. [6] References [ edit ]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tursko

Battle of Chmielnik - Wikipedia
1241 battle of the Mongol invasion of Poland The Battle of Chmielnik occurred on 18 March 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Poland . It ended in the defeat of the Polish armies of Sandomierz and Kraków provinces. The Mongols were able to move unimpeded, and plunder the abandoned city of Kraków . Background [ edit ] The Mongols invaded Poland in late 1240, and were advancing westwards; they crossed the frozen Vistula river and defeated the Poles in Tursko and Sandomierz on February 13, 1241. [1] Then, the Mongol forces split into two or three armies, the main of which, under Baidar , was heading towards Kraków (Cracow), a large city (and capital of the fragmented Polish Kingdom ) in central-southern Poland. Two other Mongol commanders, Kadan and Orda Khan , were advancing more to the north. [ citation needed ] Details of the battle were recorded in the chronicles of Jan Długosz . [3] Incidentally, the oldest mention of the town Chmielnik dates to the battle. [3] In 1241, it was a village (Chmielnik would gain city rights only in the mid-16th century). [4] Polish forces were commanded by Włodzimierz, voivode (palatine) of Kraków , and Pakosław, voivode of Sandomierz , and represented most of Polish knights from these two provinces (the Kraków Province , also known as the Seniorate Province, and the Sandomierz Province ) of fragmented Poland . [3] [5] The Mongols were commanded by Baidar . [3] The Duke of Kraków. Bolesław V the Chaste , withdrew prior to the battle and did not participate. [6] Bolesław's escape damaged the jovenlandesale of the army, and caused many others to withdraw as well, weakening the forces available to Włodzimierz and Pakosław. [6] While the Polish forces had the advantage in the first phase of the battle, the Mongols, seeing that they would not defeat the Poles in straight combat, feigned a retreat . When the Polish forces began to pursue them, they were hit by the Mongols' reinforcements and defeated comprehensively. [5] Polish casualties were very heavy ( Norman Davies wrote: "At Chmielnik, the assembled nobility of Malopolska perished to a man" [7] ); Włodzimierz and Pakosław were slain, as were Castellan of Kraków Klement of Brzeźnica and Castellan of Sandormierz Jakub Raciborowicz . [3] [8] Aftermath [ edit ] Having withdrawn from the fighting, Bolesław escaped to jovenlandesavia . [1] [2] With the defeat of the Polish army, panic spread through the nearby Polish lands. Kraków , one of the largest and most prosperous cities of Poland, was abandoned, as inhabitants fled, and the Mongols spent several days pillaging it and the neighboring hamlets (accounts vary on how soon after the battle Mongols entered the city, but it is certain they burned it by 24 March). [5] [6] In the modern town of Chmielnik there is a monument dedicated to this battle. [3] ^ a b c Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia . Rutgers University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1 . Retrieved 18 March 2021 . ^ a b Saunders, J
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chmielnik

Battle of Tarczek - Wikipedia
Battle in 1241 during the first Mongol invasion of Poland The Battle of Tarczek took place on 13 February 1241, during the first Mongol invasion of Poland . It ended in the defeat of the Polish armies of Lesser Poland . In March 1241, after a successful winter campaign, in which Mongol forces captured and ransacked Sandomierz , Asiatic hordes entered Poland in full force. Near Sandomierz, the Mongol forces were divided into two groups. The stronger one, probably with 15,000 warriors under Baidar and Orda Khan , headed westwards, defeating Poles in the Battle of Chmielnik . The second army, with 10,000 warriors under Kadan (according to Jan Długosz ) headed northwards, to the Land of Łęczyca and Kujawy . On 19 March 1241 this army clashed with Polish knights near Tarczek . Most likely, the Polish forces which participated in the battle, were knights from Lesser Poland , survivors of the Battle of Chmielnik. They were defeated, and Tarczek itself was burned to the ground. After the battle, the Mongols ransacked central Poland for a few more days. On 1 April 1241 they appeared in Kraków , and on 8 April they reached Wrocław , where they joined the army of Baidar. Sources [ edit ] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, wyd. 1999, str. 397 Wielka Historia Polski cz. do 1320, wyd. Pinexx 1999, s. 187-188 Stanislaw Krakowski, Polska w walce z najazdami tatarskimi w XIII wieku, wyd. MON 1956, str.136-137 Coordinates : 50°56′35″N 21°00′12″E / 50.943056°N 21.003333°E / 50.943056; 21.003333
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarczek

Battle of Opole - Wikipedia
Battle during the First Mongol invasion of Poland The Battle of Opole took place in the Polish town of Opole , in early April 1241, during the Mongol invasion of Poland . It ended in the victory of the Mongol forces, who defeated knights from Opole Silesia and Lesser Poland , headed by Duke Wladyslaw Opolski . In late March 1241, Mongol forces, which had previously been divided into two armies, reunited in the area of Kraków . On 1 April the invaders headed westwards, to the Polish province of Silesia . After a skirmish near Raciborz , the Mongols decided not to besiege well-fortified Raciborz . Instead, they ***owed the Oder towards Opole . There, they faced units from Lesser Poland (the provinces of Kraków and Sandomierz ), reinforced with knights of Duke of Opole, Wladyslaw. Since the Poles were numerically inferior, they retreated after a short battle. The Mongols ***owed them towards Wrocław , and Legnica (see Battle of Legnica ). Sources [ edit ] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, wyd. 1999, str. 397 Wielka Historia Polski cz. do 1320, wyd. Pinexx 1999, s. 187-188 Stanislaw Krakowski, Polska w walce z najazdami tatarskimi w XIII wieku, wyd. MON 1956, str.136-137
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Opole

Battle of Mohi - Wikipedia
1241 battle during the first Mongol invasion of Hungary The Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241), also known as Battle of the Sajó River [15] or Battle of the Tisza River , was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe . It took place at Muhi (then Mohi), southwest of the Sajó River . The battle resulted in a victory for the Mongols, who destroyed the Hungarian Royal army. Background [ edit ] The Mongol invasion of Europe [ edit ] The Mongols attacked the eastern side of Central Europe with five distinct armies. Two of them attacked through Poland in order to protect the flank from Polish cousins of Béla IV of Hungary , winning several victories. Most notably, they defeated the army of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia at Legnica . A southern army attacked tras*ylvania , defeated the voivod and crushed the tras*ylvanian armies. The main army led by Khan Batu and Subutai attacked Hungary through the fortified Verecke Pass and annihilated the army led by Denis Tomaj , the count palatine , on 12 March 1241, while the final army under Batu's brother Shiban marched in an arc north of the main force. [17] [ page needed ] Prior to the invasion, King Béla had personally supervised the construction of dense natural barriers [ clarification needed ] along Hungary's eastern border, intending to slow the Mongol advance and obstruct their movement. However, the Mongols possessed specialized units who cleared the paths with great rapidity, removing the obstacles in just three days. [18] Combined with the extreme speed of the Mongol advance, called "lightning" by a European observer, the Hungarians lacked time to properly group their forces. [19] Warnings and Hungarian preparations [ edit ] In 1223, the expanding Mongol Empire defeated a group of semi-allied Rus city states at the Kalka River using their famous tactic of the feigned retreat under Subutai and Jebe. This was part of their great cavalry raid to explore the lands beyond their knowledge under the direction of Genghis Khan. [ citation needed ] The defeated princes of Rus who were captured by the Mongols were crushed to death under a victory platform ***owing the battle. At this time, the Mongols were purely an expeditionary force in Europe, and did not besiege major cities such as Kyiv until decades later, under the direction of Genghis Khan's son and successor, Ogedei . [ citation needed ] Hungary had tried to convert the Cumans to Christianity and expand its influence over them for several decades beforehand. The Hungarian king Béla IV even began to use the title "King of Cumania". When Cuman refugees (ca. 40,000 people) sought refuge in his kingdom after being crushed by the Mongols, it seemed that at least a portion of the Cumans had accepted Hungarian rule. The Mongols saw Hungary as a rival, and the Cuman migration to Hungary as a casus belli . In their ultimatum, they also blamed Hungary for "missing envoys". [20] [ page needed ] The
Battle of Mohi - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi


Battle of Legnica - Wikipedia
13th-century battle during the Mongol invasion of Poland The Battle of Legnica ( Polish : bitwa pod Legnicą ), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz ( German : Schlacht von Liegnitz ) or Battle of Wahlstatt ( German : Schlacht bei Wahlstatt ), was a battle between the Mongol Empire and combined European forces that took place at the village of Legnickie Pole ( Wahlstatt ), approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of the city of Legnica in the Duchy of Silesia on 9 April 1241. [7] : 97–99 A combined force of Poles and jovenlandesavians under the command of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia , supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by Pope Gregory IX , attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Poland . The battle took place two days before the Mongol victory over the Hungarians at the much larger Battle of Mohi . Historical disputations [ edit ] As with many historical battles, the exact details of force composition, tactics, and the actual course of the battle are lacking and sometimes contradictory. The general historical view is that it was a crushing defeat for the Polish and jovenlandesavian forces where they suffered heavy casualties. One of the Mongol leaders, Kadan , was frequently confused with Ögedei's grandson Kaidu by medieval chroniclers, and thus Kaidu has often been mistakenly listed as leading the Mongol forces at Legnica. [7] Background [ edit ] The Mongols considered the Cumans to have submitted to their authority, but the Cumans fled westward and sought asylum within the Kingdom of Hungary . After King Béla IV of Hungary rejected Batu Khan 's ultimatum to surrender the Cumans, Subutai began planning the Mongol invasion of Europe . Batu and Subutai were to lead two armies to attack Hungary itself, while a third under Baidar , Orda Khan and Kadan would attack Poland as a diversion to occupy northern European forces which might come to Hungary's aid. Orda's forces devastated northern Poland and the southwestern border of Lithuania . [ citation needed ] Baidar and Kadan ravaged the southern part of Poland: first they sacked Sandomierz in order to draw the Northern European armies away from Hungary; [7] : 96 then on 3 March they defeated a Polish army in the battle of Tursko ; then on 18 March they defeated another Polish army at Chmielnik ; on 24 March they seized and burned Kraków , and a few days later they tried unsuccessfully to capture the Silesian capital of Wrocław (Breslau) . [8] While deciding whether or not to besiege Wrocław, Baidar and Kadan received reports that King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia was two days away with an army over twice [7] : 99 the size of Henry's. The Mongols turned from Wrocław to intercept Henry's forces before the European armies could meet. The Mongols caught up with Henry near Legnica at Legnickie Pole (Polish for "Field of Legnica"), also known as Wahlstatt. [7] : 97–99 Composition [ edit ] Mongols [ edit ] The Mongol heavy cavalry in battle (13th or 14th century). The Mongol div
Battle of Legnica - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica


Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire - Wikipedia
In the summer of 1242, a Mongol force invaded the Latin Empire of Constantinople . This force, a detachment of the army under Qadan then devastating Bulgaria , entered the empire from the north. It was met by the Emperor Baldwin II , who was victorious in a first encounter but was subsequently defeated. The encounters probably took place in Thrace , but little can be said about them owing to the paucity of sources. Subsequent relations between Baldwin and the Mongol khans have been taken as evidence by some that Baldwin was captured and forced to make submission to the Mongols and pay tribute. Together with the major Mongol invasion of Anatolia the ***owing year (1243), the Mongol defeat of Baldwin precipitated a power shift in the Aegean world. Sources [ edit ] The Aegean world in the early 13th century. Adrianople was the chief city of Thrace. There is only one primary source that explicitly mentions a Mongol raid into the Latin Empire: the anonymous Austrian Chronicle completed about 1327. Its account was copied into the Chronicle of Leoben and the Annals of Heiligenkreuz . The event is dated to 1243, an obvious error for 1242. [1] According to the Austrian chronicles: [2] Tatars and Cumans, meeting no resistance or opposition, withdrew from Hungary with an endless booty of gold and silver, garments and animals, leading many captives of both sexes to the scandal of the Christians. Entering Greece, they depopulated the entire land except for the castles and well-fortified cities. But the king of Constantinople, named Baldwin, went out in battle against them, at first he was victorious, but the second time he was defeated by them. [3] A brief account in the Chronography of the Syriac prelate Bar Hebraeus (died 1286) must refer to the Mongol invasions of Bulgaria and Thrace in 1242, although it is mis-dated to 1232: And the Khan continued to wax strong. And he prepared to attack Constantinople from the quarter of the Bulgarians. And the kings of the Franks heard of this, and they gathered together and they met Batu in battle, and they broke him and made him flee. [4] This passage seems to confirm that the Mongol armies in Bulgaria, which were under the overall command of Batu , attacked in the direction of Constantinople and were defeated at some point either by the Bulgars or the Latins. [4] [5] John of Garland in his epic poem On the Triumph of the Church , which he completed about 1252 while teaching at the University of Paris , lists the victims of the expansion of the Mongol empire: The avenger arriving from the East mows down everything he encounters And subdues the West with his sword. The leaders of Armenia are dead, the lords of Syria surrender, The Black Sea groans at the yoke of subjection. The Caucasus bows, the Danube offers up its weapons in surrender, Thrace, defeated, mourns its leader. [6] Thrace was, at the time, a part of the Latin Empire. John seems to imply that its leader, Baldwin II, was killed defending Thrace against the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire

The victory of the Novgorod Republic( vassal of the Mongol Empire)


Battle on the Ice - Wikipedia
1242 battle of the Northern Crusades on the frozen Lake Peipus The Battle on the Ice ( German : Schlacht auf dem Eise ; Russian : Ледовое побоище , Ledovoye poboishche ; Estonian : Jäälahing ), alternatively known as the Battle of Lake Peipus ( German : Schlacht auf dem Peipussee ), took place on 5 April 1242. It was fought largely on the frozen Lake Peipus between the united forces of the Republic of Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal , led by Prince Alexander Nevsky , and the forces of the Livonian Order and Bishopric of Dorpat , led by Bishop Hermann of Dorpat . The battle was significant because its outcome determined whether Western Catholicism or Eastern Orthodox Christianity would dominate in the region. In the end, the battle represented a significant defeat for the Catholic forces during the Northern Crusades and brought an end to their campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic and other Slavic territories for the next century. The event portrayed in Sergei Eisenstein 's historical drama film, Alexander Nevsky (1938), later created a popular but inaccurate image of the battle. Background [ edit ] In 1221, Pope Honorius III was again worried about the situation in the Finnish-Novgorodian Wars after receiving alarming information from the Archbishop of Uppsala . He authorized the Bishop of Finland to establish a trade embargo against the "barbarians" that threatened Christianity in Finland. [3] The nationality of the "barbarians", presumably a citation from Archbishop's earlier letter, remains unknown, and was not necessarily known even by the Pope. However, as the trade embargo was widened eight years later, it was specifically said to be against the Russians. [4] Based on Papal letters from 1229, [5] the Bishop of Finland requested the Pope enforce a trade embargo against Novgorodians on the Baltic Sea , at least in Visby , Riga and Lübeck . A few years later, the Pope also requested the Livonian Brothers of the Sword send troops to protect Finland. Whether any knights ever arrived remains unknown. [6] Although the missionaries and Crusaders had attempted to establish peaceful relations with the Novgorod Republic, Livonian missionary and crusade activity in Estonia caused conflicts with Novgorod, who had also attempted to subjugate, raid and convert the pagan Estonians. [7] The Estonians also sometimes attempted to ally with the Russians against the Crusaders. In 1240 the combined forces of Teutonic Knights, other Germans from Estonia, Danish vassals from Estonia, and the exiled Prince of Pskov Yaroslav Vladimirovich attacked the Pskov Republic and Votia , a tributary of Novgorod. This triggered the counterattack from Novgorod. [8] Hoping to exploit Novgorod's weakness in the wake of the Mongol and Swedish invasions, the Teutonic Knights attacked the neighboring Novgorod Republic and occupied Pskov , Izborsk , and Koporye in autumn 1240. [7] When they approached Novgorod itself, the local citizens recalled to the city 20-year-old Prince
Battle on the Ice - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_on_the_Ice
Those battles proved the superiority of the nomads in pitch battles. People frequently mention that the Mongol faced a few amount of knight in battles. It is wrong. They did face a wide array of knights . I took an important data from this gentleman, regarding knights, castles and terrain.
Knights
The Mongol literally faced European knights from the beginning of their European invasion up to until the last moment they almost withdraw from Europe.
Poland:
Battle of Legnica
From the Annals of Jan Dlugosz on the European forces
“The Prince arrays his army on level ground near the River Nysa in five ranks: the first consists of crusaders and volunteers speaking several languages, and some gold miners from Zlotoryja; the second line is made up of knights from Cracow and Wielkopolska; the third of knights from Opole; the fourth of the Grand Master of the Prussian Knights with his brethren and other chivalry; while the fifth consists of Silesian and Wroclavian barons, the pick of the knights from Wielkopolska and Silesia and a small contingent of mercenaries, all under the command of Prince Henry himself.”
All of those battles in Poland resulted in
“… the flower of the knights of Cracow, Sandomierz, Wroclaw and Opole has been killed, so that these lands are all but deserted …”
This was the early part of the Mongol invasion.
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Hungary
Hungarian knights in Mohi
From Thomas of Split:
“The leading clergy of Hungary came, too; for they were not content to maintain modest households befitting leaders of the church, but with their great wealth they had grown accustomed to leading about whole companies of knights. They included the archbishops Matthias of Esztergom and Ugrinus of Kalocsa along with their suffragans.”
“The Hungarian king chose select knights and commanded them to go out and attack them. They set out in armed units and in good order. But the Tatar battle line did not stay around to engage in hand-to-hand combat, but rode off in rapid flight, firing arrows at the enemy as they went, according to their custom.”
“The master of the Templars and all his company of Latins were slain, and many Hungarians too perished in that fray.”
From Annals of Jan Dlugosz:
“The King arrives with his nephew, Coloman, and the knights of his Court, and is joined by a master of the Templars, the bishops of Pannonia, the archbishops of Esztergom and Kalocz, and the Hungarian bishops, with their men- at- arms and standards flying, as if they were arrayed for battle and not to pray for forgiveness for the sins of their people.”
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Mongol siege of Esztergom
From Roger of Apulia:
“Those of Esztergom had meanwhile fortified themselves with moats, walls and wooden towers. The innumerable commoners and very rich burghers, knights, nobles, and ladies who gathered in that remarkable fortress were so self-confident that they thought they could resist the whole world.”
This was near the end of the Mongol invasion
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Hungary already had and probably relied completely on armored heavy cavalry since the mid-12th century.
Hungarian full armor cavalrymen on armored horse in 1167 Battle of Sirmium
From Annals of Niketas Choniates:
Page 88 of O city of Byzantium Annals of Niketas Choniatēs by Harry J. Magoulias (tras*):
“The enemy (Hungarian) line, wholly constituted of lance-bearing cavalrymen, was truly a antiestéticarsome and terrifying sight. The men armed cap-a-pie, and it was a spectacle to behold the horses displaying fillets and cinches and wearing frontlets and breastplates as protection against missiles. The snorting of the horses and the sunlight flashing brilliantly in reflection from the weapons as the armies approached each other created a most unusual sight that inspired antiestéticar and wonderment on both sides.”
From Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus (Epitome) by Ioannes/John Kinnamos:
“In total, the army numbers upwards of fifteen thousand men, armored knights, bowmen and light infantry. They excel so in courage that they believe that the Romans will not resist their first onset.”
“When they saw them (the Hungarians) charging at them, they were to flee, not straight toward the Romans’ army, but rather to the sides, so that as they divided on either hand, the Hungarians would be left in the empty space in the midst of the battle array.”
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Hungary already had knights in Western European style since the reign of Andrew II:
Anonymus, Notary of King Bela The Deeds of the Hungarians edited, tras*lated and annotated by Martyn Rady and Laszlo Veszpremy:
(This was a modern remark by the tras*lators)
Page 179:
“King Andrew’s novae institutiones (as he called them) also aimed at supplying his leading men and their kindreds with resources that would allow them to equip themselves and their retinues with knightly armor and “catch up” on the military development of other European powers. The group of magnates that accompanied Andrew on his short-lived crusade in 1217 already represented such an up-to-date force. However, their defeat in 1241 at the hands of the swift Mongol horsemen with bow and arrow— like the defeat of Western forces by the Magyars three hundred years earlier—had shown the disadvantages of such knightly armies vis-à-vis steppe nomadic enemies.”
The Hungarians could mustered at least 10.000 cavalry for the crusade of Andrew II
From Thomas of Split:
“So when they arrived they filled the entire city to overflowing. In advance of the king and the Hungarians a huge crowd of Saxons arrived. They were all peaceable and well-behaved and were looking forward with eagerness and devotion to sailing with the king, for each had taken the sign of the cross.”
“There were then said to have been more than 10,000 horsemen in the royal retinue, not including a host of commoners, who were almost without number.”
“Now King Andrew had crossed to Syria and struck great antiestéticar into the Saracens. After he had deployed his numerous forces he advanced a good distance inland from the coast, storming castles and towns and crushing underfoot every obstruction that stood in his way.”
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Let’s compare the number of the cavalry Hungary could muster with those of France and the Khwrezmian Empire in the early 13th century.
France:
The Government of Philip Augustus Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages by John W. Baldwin
Page 286:
“In the final count, therefore, Philip Augustus won the battle of Bouvines with a feudal host of about 1,300 knights. When to these are added the 800 knights entrusted to Louis for the southern defense (figures supplied by Guillaume le Breton), they total little more than 2,000 knights, a surprisingly small number summoned from Philip’s entire feudal resources at the most critical moment of his reign.”
“Although comparable information is lacking for the allied army at Bouvines, it has been estimated at 1,300-1,500 knights from the chroniclers’ reports. It is likely, therefore, that the two armies were evenly matched in numbers.”
Page 302:
“In fact, the king’s entire feudal resources produced only 2,000 knights to defend the Capetians in the crucial moments of 1214.”
France and the Holy Roman Empire combined brought less than 4000 knights for a crucial battle in Europe. Knights were, of course, not the only cavalry that both sides had, but it’s probably unlikely that the number could rose much higher.
Khwarezmian Empire:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231 by Z.M. Buniyatov
Page 71:
“The numerical strength of the army varied according to the scale of the military campaign. Thus, in 1195 the registers (dafatir) of the army diwan (diwan al-‘ard) of Khorezmshah Tekish notes the existence of 170,000 horsemen.”
Page 72:
“During a war with the Qara-Khitay in 1211 and 1212, ‘Ala ad-Din Muhammad dispatched cavalry forces amounting to 400,000 troops. This is confirmed by the registers of ‘Ala ad-Din Muhammad’s army diwan, which refer to 400,000-strong cavalry on horses and camels.”
Note that the number for the Khwarezmian came from internal government records, not chronicles or exaggeration by their enemies.
It is noteworthy, that the Hungarians had got way more experience than any Western European state, cause Hungary was near various nomadic tribes. Moreover, the Mongols were outnumbered by the Hungarians at the battle of Mohi. The numerical superiority of Hungarians, we obtained ,from Thomas of Split “Historia Salonitana”.

Sieges
The Mongol also took over a lot of cities and castles, there is a famous claim ,that the Mongols did not take even a single stone castle, its wrong. They did take over stone castles too. However ,there were failures too.
From “tras*ylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century The Rise of the Congregational System” by Tudor Sălăgean:
Page 39:
“The Mongols then laid siege on Sibiu, conquered on April 11 at the end of a fierce resistance.”
“The royal fortresses were strategically important for the invaders. As a consequence, the amplitude of the destruction was considerable. With no exception, the county seats of tras*ylvania (Alba-Iulia, Dăbâca, Cluj, Turda, Cetatea de Baltă, and Hunedoara) were conquered and burned down while their fleeing population was massacred.”
Page 40:
“Their main vulnerability before the Mongols cannot be explained only by the materials used in the building process, although there is no doubt that earthen and wooden fortifications were already considered outdated at the time. However, it is noteworthy that some fortresses like Alba-Iulia, Dăbâca, and Sibiu were surrounded by fortified stone walls, which yet failed to boost their resistance capacity.” From archaelogical records, we know that Hungary already had stone castles since the late 12th century which was still captured by the Mongol anyways.
From Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis

1. • “The dating of these waves is quite wide, they were found starting from the first part of the 11th century, until the 12th century, when in Dăbâca they were replaced by stone walls.”

Source:
[44] P.IAMBOR,Fortified Settlements in tras*ylvania, pp. 141-143.

They also raided some parts of the Holy Roman Empire (cities like Ratiborn, Breslau, Bytorn, Meissen, Opava, Beneshev, Przherov, Litovel and Evichko were destroyed). Some places withstood the sieges, such as: Alba (Szekesfehervar), Bratislava, Komarno, Trencin, Nitra and Beckov, Pannonhalma Archabbey Klis. However, Klis was almost taken by the Mongols, the siege lifted, when Kadan knew that there was no Bella there. The situation was not critical as some strive to introduce. The Mongols also failed siege in other places , including China, Korea, Middle East, but they were able after time , to relay siege again and gained victory.
There is an example
Chinggis khan attempted a campaign against the most powerful Chinese state Jin empire in 1211. Initially , the Mongols did not occupy territories, rather they ravaged borders of the Jin . During the first year, they captured a few fortifications , for instance there were 2 castles and 3 great cities taken . In the next year, the nomads took over 5 large cities. The great moment happened in 1213, the Mongols were able to capture over 90 fortified cities and castles, however, according the and “Yuan shi” 11 cities withstood sieges.
"In the same year, the regions and counties [provinces] of Hebei were at risk of capture, and only the Middle Capital, Tong, Shun, Zhending, Qing, Wo, Daming, Dongping, De, Pei and Haizhou, 11 cities, did not fall."
All those cities were taken eventually. The war with Jin lasted for over two decades, of course there was not always a full-scale war , there were both loses and victories in sieges . Sometimes the Chinggis khans force was capable to subjugate around hundreds of cities and castles . The war lasted until 1234 , between two sides.
As to castles, there is a myth ,that the European castles were impregnable , however the mamluks of Egypt's proved that the statement is not correct. The mamluks captured the strongest fortifications of the West ( Krak des chevalires,Acre, Sidon,) with ease, by using great engineering works, like undermining the walls and placed a lot of counterweight trebuchets against defenders. It took a month for taking the strongest of them, meanwhile other castles taken within days. They even constructed wicker barricades against enemy's crossbowmen , who shoot down from fortifications towers. So the Mongols possessed the same capabilities as Mamluks did.
Terrain
The terrain was not a problem at all. The Mongol crossed the Carpathian mountains , it did slow down the Mongols, but it did not stop them at all. They also operated well in Poland along with Rus principalities with numerous forests and rivers.
Reasons of retreat
The Mongols were only a year in Europe , but they withdrew in 1242. It might be possible, the Mongol did not intend to take over the entire Europe, at that period of time. The operation was actually a reconnaissance operation, the conquest was planned later. There were letters from the various Mongol khans, Mongke khan, Guyuk khan. I agree with the statements , there was a problem, linked with logistics in 1240s. Cause the Mongols already occupied wide array of states, as Kipchaks, Kievan Rus, Bulgars, Alans, Bashkirs, North Caucasus and various Finno-Ugric confederations. According to the Secret history of the Mongols, the final conquest point was Kiev(which possessed stone fortification and fell upon the Mongols) , the campaign into Hungary, Bulgaria happened due to their allowance to Kipchaks and their khan Kotyan to settle down there, there was even latter from Ogodei Khan to Bella not to accept them as refugees. I personally tend to believe ,that it was a reconnaissance raid, in order to get a useful data about future opponents, that why they did not even incorporate occupied Hungary or Lesser Poland into the Empire. First of all, the Mongols did not possess lots of force during campaign in 1241–1242. During the siege of Kiev , Guyuk and Mongke ( two future Mongol khagans) was recalled back to Mongolia, they represented a force of Central Ulus , which might be half of the Mongolian army. Some of them troops were also left behind, cause some part of the army needed to protect already conquered territories. I highly doubt, that there was huge force entering the Central Europe. However, it does not miccionan, they did intend to return with aim of complete conquest.
Did the Mongols wish to occupy Europe
Yes, they did. There were letters from the various Mongol khans, Mongke khan, Guyuk khan.
"You must say with a sincere heart: "We will be your subjects; we will give you our strength". You must in person come with your kings, all together, without exception, to render us service and pay us homage. Only then will we acknowledge your submission. And if you do not ***ow the order of God, and go against our orders, we will know you as our enemy."
Letter from Güyük to Pope Innocent IV, 1246.
Guyuk seemingly planned to occupy Europe, however, his death might abrupt the campaign. It is quite possible, that Mongke khan was about to invade Europe as well. Cause , there was letters from the Golden Horde ruler , Berke khan to Bela the 4th of Hungary and King Louis the 9th of France.
There were another incursion. The second known invasion of Poland was the last operation under the Mongol empire. The operation was a clear success.


Second Mongol invasion of Poland - Wikipedia
1259–60 military campaign The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259–1260. During this invasion the cities of Sandomierz , Kraków , Lublin , Zawichost , and Bytom were sacked by Mongols for the second time. [4] [5] History [ edit ] The invasion began in late 1259, after a powerful Mongol army had been sent to the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia in order to punish King Daniel of Galicia for his independent actions. King Daniel had to comply to Mongol demands, and in 1258, his forces joined the Mongols in the raid on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . To weaken Daniel's position, the Golden Horde decided to attack his allies, Hungarian King Béla IV , and Duke of Kraków , Bolesław V the Chaste . The purpose of the invasion was to loot the divided Kingdom of Poland (see Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty ), and to weaken Duke of Kraków Bolesław V the Chaste, whose province, Lesser Poland , began a process of fast development. According to the Mongol plan, the invaders were to enter Lesser Poland east of Lublin , and head towards Zawichost . After crossing the Vistula , the Mongol army was to break into two columns, operating north and south of the Holy Cross Mountains . The columns were to unite near Chęciny , and then head southwards, to Kraków. Altogether, Mongol forces under Boroldai were 30,000 strong, with Ruthenian units of King Daniel of Galicia , his brother Vasilko Romanovich , Kipchaks and probably Lithuanians or Yotvingians . The events that took place in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia echoed in Lesser Poland, and in late 1258, preparations for the defence of Kraków began. The work was quickly abandoned, and Piast dynasty dukes returned to their internal quarrels. In October 1259, right before the invasion, Duke of Greater Poland Bolesław the Pious allied himself with Duke Bolesław V the Chaste and Duke of Mazovia Siemowit I , in order to attack Duke of Kujawy , Casimir I of Kuyavia . A few weeks later, Lesser Poland was invaded by the Mongol hordes. The Mongolian army concentrated near Chełm , and after capturing Polish towns east of the Vistula, the invaders appeared at Sandomierz (early December 1259). Boroldai ordered Ruthenian auxiliary units to besiege and capture the city, while main Mongol forces marched westwards toward the Holy Cross Mountains. Their march was marked by an orgy of destruction; among others, ancient abbeys of Koprzywnica and Wąchock were looted (most probably, they failed to capture the Łysa Góra Benedictine Abbey). The Mongols limited their advance to Radom in the north and Sulejów in the west, and did not enter other Polish provinces. The two columns of the invading army joined forces near Kielce and Chęciny , in mid-January 1260. At the same time, the siege of Sandomierz continued. Defenders of the city fiercely resisted all attacks of the Mongol and Ruthenian forces. After several weeks, Mongol leaders began negotiations with the Poles, who were commanded by a man na
Second Mongol invasion of Poland - Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secon...ngol invasion of,Mongols for the second time.
The campaigns of the Golden Horde
The next campaigns carried out by the Golden Horde, lets analyze them. I take the information from this Gentleman. Despite numerous operations, there were no full-scale invasions from the Golden Horde with aim of conquest. Unfortunately, we have no Golden Horde Sources, because all of them were burnt By Tamerlane and Ivan the Terrible.
“The Mongols were defeated the second time they invade Hungary and in the third time they invade Poland because the Europeans had more castles and knights than before”
Actually, the official chronicles of Poland, Hungary, Austria and Galicia-Volhynia did not mention any victories for the Hungarians in the Second Mongol Invasion of Hungary.
From Annals of Jan Dlugosz (Poland):
“At the instigation of the Kumans, who have themselves suffered disaster at the hands of the Hungarians, the Tatars invade Hungary a fortnight after Epiphany and ravage it unopposed as far as Pest and Buda, and there they stay inflicting such damage that there is a shortage of draught animals and people have to harness themselves to their two-wheeled carts and ploughs. The Tatars depart after Easter, but only because of an epidemic that affects many thousands of them and compels them to leave Pannonia. In this same year (1285) the Tatars invade the territory of the Emperor of Constantinople and occupy much of his land.”
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From Chronicon Pictum (Hungary):
“A few of the Cumans who escaped sought refuge with the Tartars, and it was at their instigation that in the year of our Lord 1285 entered Hungary for the second time and spread a terrible devastation of fire throughout the whole country as far as Pest.”
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From Anonymi Chronicon Austriacum:
“M*.cclxxxv°(1285). Post natiuitatem Domini Comani et tartari. cum in numerabili multitudine intrauerunt Ungariam. et vastauerunt eam. et occiderunt et Deduxerunt ex ea in numerabiles viros et mulieres. Et paruulos. tandem vero ab incolis terre circa septem castra. turpiter sunt de terra fugati. occisis ex eis in numerabili multitudine. Reliqui vero qui euaserunt. quamuis pauci fugientes latitantes inter montes et valles nemorofas. Diuino iudicio fere omnes perierunt. Nam dominus qui ubique est protector in se sperancium. misit super eos Niues et pluuias ingentes. confractisque nubibus. super eos tanta inundacio aquarum irrupit. quod fere omnibus submersis pauci ex eis euaferunt.”
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From Galicia-Volhynian Chronicle:
“(February? 1285) 6790 (1282). The cursed and lawless [Khan] Nogaj set out against the Hungarians together with [Khan] Telebuga. [They came] in great force - with a great [host] of soldiers - and ordered the princes of Rus' - Lev, Mstislav, Volodimer, and Jurij Lvovic - to march with them. At that time Volodimer limped and did not [join the campaign] because he had a bad ulcer. However, he did send his army with his nephew Jurij. And thus they all went, for at that time the princes of Rus' were Tatar subjects. Volodimer alone remained [behind], because he limped. Boleslav, however, continued to pride himself in his recklessness. Finding an opportune moment, he came with two hundred soldiers and devastated the outskirts of Scekarev, taking ten villages, and [then] marched back with great arrogance, acting as if he had taken the whole country. Then Lev was dismissed [by the Tatars] when [they were already] in the Hungarian land.”
“The cursed and lawless Nogaj started back with Telebuga, after they had pillaged the Hungarian land. [Then they separated], and Nogaj set out for Brasev, while Telebuga went through the [Carpathian] Mountains, which one could cross in three days. But he wandered thirty days in the mountains, driven [back and forth] by God's wrath. A great famine arose among [his men] and they began eating [their captives?]. Then they started dying themselves [so that] a countless number of them perished and eyewitnesses testified that there was a hundred thousand dead. [Finally] the cursed and lawless Telebuga made his way on foot out [of the mountains] with his wife and one mare. [And thus he was] shamed by God.”
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In addition, Rashid al-Din said that Nogai conquered Hungary in 1285.
From “Contextualizing the Mongol Invasion of Hungary in 1241–42: Short- and Long-Term Perspectives”
József Laszlovszky, Stephen Pow, Beatrix F. Romhányi,
László Ferenczi, Zsolt Pinke
Corresponding author József Laszlovszky
Central European University
“Rashid al-Din, writing under Mongol auspices, described Hungary as a massive kingdom stretching from Cumania to the domains of Aquila and that its king commanded an “innumerable army.” Nonetheless, he contended that the Golden Horde’s Noqai had managed to conquer Hungary after attacking it incessantly.”
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The accounts seems to imply that the Mongol successfully raid Hungary and only suffer heavy casualties because of plague or famine, not Hungarian knights, crossbowmen or castles.
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The same thing applied to the Third Mongol Invasion of Poland:
From Annals of Jan Dlugosz (Poland):
“The barbarian Tatars, believers in the vile and blasphemous doctrine of the false Mahomet and enemies of all Christians, are suffering from a famine, to relieve which a horde of them under Nogay and Telebuga descends on Poland, devastating as it passes that part of Ruthenia it has to cross to get there, even though its inhabitants are already paying them tribute. Having collected quantities of provisions, the Tatars descend like a cloud of locusts on Lublin and Mazovia, moving on to Sandomierz, Sieradz and Cracow, despite severe frost and deep snow. They burn a number of monasteries, churches and fortresses in which people have taken refuge, but, on the advice of the Ruthenians accompanying them, refrain from attacking the monastery of the Holy Cross on Lysa Gora, only to be shamefully defeated after spending a couple of days vainly attacking the town and castle of Sandomierz. They reach Cracow on Christmas Eve and mount an attack, but lose some of their more eminent warriors and, abandoning the attempt, ravage the surrounding country instead. To do this, they scatter, so that it would have been possible to capture or kill some of them at least, had it not been for the heavy snow and the low jovenlandesale of the Polish knights. Frightened by the situation, and having no confidence in his knights, Leszek takes his wife and some of his court to Hungary, and when the Tatars learn of this from prisoners, they ravage the country as far as the Pannonian alps.
In these unhappy times, the Dowager princess Kinga with two of her sisters and seventy nuns from Sandek nunnery, together with a number of chaplains and knights, move into the castle of Pieniny, near the town of Kroscienko. This castle, on the bank of the Danube, is splendidly defended by its artificial defences and natural position, for the only access to it is by a narrow causeway, and here they all stay as long as the Tatars are active in the area.”
“The Tatars, having distributed the loot they took from Poland and sold their Polish captives to various peoples, decide to leave Ruthenia and to destroy the Ruthenians before they go; unable to do this overtly, they poison the rivers and waters by placing in all still and running water stakes on which are spitted hearts taken from the bodies of Poles, killed for ritual purposes of divination, saturated with a very strong poison, against which no medicine is of any use, so that all who drink the water die. It is not until the poison has claimed a large number of victims that the Ruthenians stop drinking the water.”
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From Galician-Volhynian Chronicle:
“[In the meantime] Telebuga was marching into Poland in the company of all the princes [that were compelled to do so] by the Tatars: Prince Lev with his son Jurij, [Prince] Mstislav [at the head of his army] and [Prince] Volodimer [at the head of his]. And thus they marched on to Zavixvost and came to the Vistula. [This] river had not frozen yet, and they could not cross it. [Therefore] they marched to its upper reaches [at] Sudomir [where] they crossed the river Sjan over ice. Here on the Sjan Volodimer left them and went back. [Then] they crossed the Vistula over ice above Sudomir and approached the city from all [four] sides. However, they met with no success.
(December/January 1286/87) [Thereupon] they began ravaging the Polish land, remaining in it ten days. Telebuga wanted to march to Cracow, but he did not reach it, turning back in Todk, for he learned that Nogaj [had reached] Cracow before him. And because of this there was [even] greater discord between them. Therefore, rather than join forces with Nogaj, [Telebuga] went back [and attacked] the Lvovian land [and its main] city - Lviv. (January 1287) [The Tatars] remained in Lev's principality for two weeks living off the fat of the land. They did not engage in open warfare, but neither did they let anyone leave the city for food. [Of those that dared] leave the city, they would kill some, capture others, and rob [still] others, [releasing] them stark naked [to die] from the cold, because there was a very severe winter [that year]. And thus [the Tatars] devastated the whole country.
The accursed Nogaj [did not use the same route as Telebuga] to march into Poland. He took a [different] route in the direction of Peremysl' because there was great discord between them. He reached Cracow, but had no success [there] just as Telebuga had none at Sudomir. He ravaged the Polish land, but did not join forces with Telebuga because they were afraid of each other. [Then] they returned to their camps, Telebuga again using his route and Nogaj his.”
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The Mongol devastated Poland, despite the remark that Leszek could gather an army of 30.000 cavalry in 1280.
From Annals of Jan Dlugosz:
“Realizing that attack is better than mere defence, Leszek assembles an army of 30,000 horse and 2000 first-class foot in a fortnight, and sets off in pursuit of Leo.”
Definitely ,there were mention of Hungarian victories, however they were not incredible, as they depicted, and did not have a huge impact. There are number of mentions below.
“Niederalteich Annals”
«In the time of King Laszlo of Hungary, son of King Stephen, the Tatars invaded Hungary in great numbers, so that it was said that their army covered eleven miles. Finally, they died not by human assistance, but by God's wrath. For hail, snow, and showers came upon them in great numbers, so that they could not move. And so, surrounded by Christians, they were killed, and the righteous took possession of the armor of the wicked.»
Benedict
"from Tartars to in separate battles by the Hungarians and others in the kingdom of Hungary, with the support of guardian spirits, about 26 thousand tartars were killed.»
However Rukn ad-din Baibars contradicted the given information
“In 686, Tulabuga reigned in place of his uncle Tudanmengu, set out on a campaign and went with his troops to the land of Hungary to devastate it and war with its inhabitants. He sent (also) to Nogai, ordered him to move with his troops to jointly attack the land of Hungary. Nogai went with the tens of thousands he had. They both met in the proposed place, spilled devastation everywhere, robbed what they wanted, killed whom they wanted and (for that) returned. Meanwhile, winter had already come, there was a lot of snow and the paths became difficult. Nogai with former at him (troops) separated from him (Tulabugi), went to his wintertime and unharmed got (to them) with all their. Tulabuga, however, went through the deserts and impassable steppes and lost the main road. His (himself) and his army were overcome with an extraordinary difficulty and calamity; most of them perished from a strong cold and lack of strength. Only a few of them survived. This made Tulabug very unhappy, and he suspected Nogaius that it was all because of his machinations and intrigues, to destroy his army and to lay waste to his family. There was enmity and anger in him, because he and his army had suffered a terrible affliction that had led them to eat the meat of the animals that had served them on horseback and the dogs that they had taken with them, and the meat of those that were dying of hunger. What happened to his companions in the pursuit of Nogai is what we will tell in our own place when we get there.
On the death of Tulabuga, son of Mengutemir, son of Togan, son of Batu, son of Dushihan, son of Chingizkhan, king of Tatar in the Northern Regions. In 690 (= 4 Jan. - 23 dec. 1291) there was a beating of Tulabuga, tsar of Tatar, who sat on the throne of Berke. It happened in this way. When he went to Hungary, we said, Nogai joined him. They satisfied their desire for her and each of them returned to their places and their wintertime.”
There were mentions of European victories, but they were extremely biased and based upon fiction. Mongol were not indeed defeated by Polish and Hungarians.
The next raids were actually successful. Under the reign of Tokhta khan, the Tatars raided Hungary twice, in 1301 and 1305, Hungarians were unable to stop them pillaging the country. We obtained the information from Pope Boniface VIIIs letter to Bohemian king , he described the situation dramatically.
Pope Boniface VIIIs letter to Bohemian king
“But, alas, today such a noble, such a glorious kingdom is destroyed in both the spiritual and temporal sense. It is as if given over to plunder and completely reduced to nothing because of the hostile raids of the Cumans, Tartars, schismatics and pagans.”
However, there were occasions , when Europeans got victorious. Battle of Blue waters is a great example of it. When the Lithuanians crushed the Tatars. The Grand Duthcy of Lithuania rarely mentioned in top tier lists of countries, which repelled the Mongol incursions. The Golden Horde carried out 8 operations during its existence, the Luthuania withstood all of them.


Battle of Blue Waters - Wikipedia
Battle between Lithuania and the Golden Horde The Battle of Blue Waters ( Lithuanian : Mūšis prie Mėlynųjų Vandenų , Belarusian : Бітва на Сініх Водах , Ukrainian : Битва на Синіх Водах ) was a battle fought at some time in autumn 1362 or 1363 on the banks of the Syniukha river , left tributary of the Southern Bug , between the armies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Golden Horde . The Lithuanians won a decisive victory and finalized their conquest of the Principality of Kiev . Background [ edit ] After the death of its ruler Berdi Beg Khan in 1359 the Golden Horde experienced a series of succession disputes and wars that lasted two decades (1359–81). The Horde began fracturing into separate districts ( ulus ). Taking advantage of internal disorder within the Horde, Grand Duke Algirdas of Lithuania organized a campaign into Tatar lands. [3] He aimed to secure and expand southern territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, particularly the Principality of Kiev . Kiev had already come under semi-Lithuanian control after the Battle on the Irpin River in early 1320s, but still paid tribute to the Horde. [4] In 1362 or 1363, Algirdas marched between lower Dnieper and Southern Bug . [5] First, Algirdas captured remaining territories of the Principality of Chernigov – the bulk of the territory, including the capital in Bryansk , fell under Lithuanian control around 1357–1358. The Lithuanians then attacked Korshev (Коршов), an unidentified fortress located in the upper reaches of the Bystraya Sosna River , tributary of the Don River . [6] It is believed that Algirdas further conquered territories of the former Principality of Pereyaslavl . The area belonged to Crimean ulus which was engaged in a campaign against New Sarai and could not organize effective resistance. In autumn, the Lithuanian army moved west and crossed the Dnieper River towards Podolia . Three Tatar beys of Podolia gathered an army to resist the invasion. [6] It is believed that the armies met at present-day Torhovytsia ( Ukrainian : Торговиці ). At the time the town was known as Yabgu in Turkic, or viceroy, regent town, and Sinie Vody in Russian, or Blue Waters. [6] A short description of the battle survives only from late and not very reliable work of Maciej Stryjkowski , published in 1582. According to Stryjkowski, Algirdas organized his army into six groups and arranged them in a half circle. [6] The Tatars started the battle by hurling arrows into the sides of the Lithuanian formation. Such attacks had little effect and the Lithuanians and Ruthenians , armed with spears and swords, moved forward and broke the front lines of the Tatar army. Sons of Karijotas with units from Naugardukas attacked Tatar flanks with crossbows. The Tatars could not maintain their formation and broke into a disorganized retreat. [6] Algirdas achieved a decisive victory. [6] Aftermath [ edit ] The victory brought Kiev and a large part of present-day Ukraine , including sparsely populated Podolia and
Battle of Blue Waters - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blue_Waters

The biggest battle was fought between Turko-Mongols and Europeans at Vorskla River in 1399. It was a decisive victory for The Golden Horde.
Turco-Mongol warrior slaying European knight

“Inspired by their successes, Vytautas declared a "Crusade against the Tatars" and in May 1399 received blessing from Pope Boniface IX. The papal blessing for the crusade was an important political achievement for Lithuania, a country converted to Christianity only in 1387 and the subject of a hundred-year crusade.”
Source: Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė; Albinas Kunevičius (2000) [1995]. The History of Lithuania Before 1795 (English ed.). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 135–136.
“This battle took place 150 years after the onslaught of the Golden Horde and Batu Khan's disastrous invasion of Kyivan Rus', 19 days after the Battle of Kulikovo, and 11 years prior to the Battle of Grunwald. I might as well point out that in terms of the size the 1399 battle matched that of Kulikovo (some researchers believe that more men were involved in 1399), and that it was three times larger in scope than the 1410 Battle of Grunwald, according to the Polish historian Stefan M. Kuczyski.
In other words, at least 100,000 men were on each side at the Vorskla River in 1399. By way of comparison during the Battle of Poltava, Peter I's army numbered 40,000 men, some 8,000 Cossacks under Skoropadsky's command, about 30,000 Kalmyk cavalry, while Charles XII's army numbered some 28,000, among whom there were actually about 17,000 battle-worthy Swedish soldiers.”
The Mongol victory results in a large loss of lands and lives of the leading European nobles.
Also interesting was the remark of how Mongol arrows could kill even nobles in tras*itional or early plate armor.
From the Annals of Jan Dlugosz on the Battle of Vorskla River:
“To avoid the disaster of being captured by the Tatars, Witold leaves the field of battle asking the Voivode of Cracow to accompany him. The Voivode, however, considers flight shameful and continues fighting, until he falls pierced with several arrows.”
The information is taken from.
Battle of the Vorskla River
This year Poltava oblast, all of Ukraine, and the rest of the interested international community of nations mark two significant anniversaries: the brilliant Ukrainian-born writer Nikolai Gogol's 200th birth anniversary and the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava that had a drastic impact on the course of European history. A lot has been done and is still being done in Ukraine in general and Poltava oblast in particular to worthily celebrate these dates. However, it would be sad if these landmark dates totally eclipsed yet another one. August 12, 2009, will mark the 610th anniversary of the Battle of the Vorskla River, one of the biggest in the Middle Ages, which is fleetingly mentioned in most historical publications (especially under the Soviets). One finds a couple of lines about this event in the two-volume course of lectures Istoria Ukrainy ( History of Ukraine , Kyiv, Lybid, 1991) that read: "Vytautas aimed to squeeze the Tatars from the Prychornomorie Region, but suffered a defeat in a battle with the Tatar army at the Vorskla River on Aug. 12, 1399." Academician B.A. Rybakov in his college history textbook Istoria SSSR s drevneishikh vremen do kontsa XVIII v. ( History of the USSR since Ancient Times until the 18th Century , Moscow, 1983) has this to say on the subject: "In 1399 Edigu defeated Duke Vytautas of Lithuania in a battle at the river Vorskla" (p. 145). Progressive Ukrainian historians, such as N. Polonska-Vasylenko, I. Krypiakevych, D. Doroshenko, etc., offer equally brief accounts of this event. Likewise, little attention is paid to it in the textbook Istoria Ukrainy (History of Ukraine , Kyiv, Alternatyva, 1997). Even Volodymyr Lytvyn?s 3-volume History of Ukraine (Kyiv, Alternatyva, 2003) has a single paragraph dedicated to the events of 1399. The Ukrainian history reference source Shliakhamy vikiv ( Along the Roads of Centuries , compiled by M. Kotliar, S. Kulchytsky, Kyiv, 1993) does not mention this battle in the body of the text, even in the synchronized table. Another such source, edited by R.D. Liakh (Donetsk, 2004) reads: "The Ukrainian-Lithuanian army suffered a shattering defeat at the hands of Khan Temur's 100,000-strong army." What does Temur have to do with it? In 1999 the 600th anniversary of the Battle of the Vorskla River passed practically unnoticed, save for some articles carried by local newspapers. We know about the 300 hundred Spartans and the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC, Alexander Nevsky and his victory in the Battle of the Ice (a.k.a. the Battle of Lake Peipus), the Battle of Kulikovo, then the Battle of Poltava in 1709, and many other well-known battles. Why do we know so little about the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399, considering that it was a battle between the allied forces led by Vytautas against the Golden Horde in the Poltava region? Why is our memory so defective? To quote a rhetorical question asked by a well-known writer and politician in one of his radio appearances, "How can
Battle of the Vorskla River
https://www.podgorski.com/main/battle-of-the-vorskla-river.html
***owing that, Polish-Lithianins adopted the steppe tactic , which they used at the battle of Grunwald.
Interestingly, the tactics of feint retreat and attack by concealed forces would later be used to defeat wagon forts and English longbowmen formation which had contributed to many defeats of Late Medieval European knightly forces.


Battle of Lipany - Wikipedia
Fought at Lipany, Vitice in 1434 during the Hussite Wars The Battle of Lipany (in Czech: Bitva u Lipan ), also called the Battle of Český Brod , was fought at Lipany 40 km east of Prague on 30 May 1434 and virtually ended the Hussite Wars . An army of Moderate Hussite (or Calixtine ) nobility and Catholics , called the Bohemian League, defeated the radical Taborites and Orphans (or Sirotci ) led by Prokop the Great , the overall commander, and by Jan Čapek of Sány , the cavalry commander. The battle [ edit ] The radicals set up a Wagenburg on a strategically advantageous hill, and both armies stood against each other for some time. An attempt by the Calixtines / Utraquists to negotiate and resolve the conflict peacefully failed due to irreconcilable positions of the two sides. Three days after the unsuccessful negotiations, the Leaguers advanced to the radicals' encampment; although the ***owing mutual cannonade was harmless due to distance between the two armies, to the surprise of the radicals the Leaguers began to retreat with all their wagons. Thinking that the enemy was fleeing, the radicals' commanders opened the Wagenburg to attack the Leaguers' formation, not knowing that the retreat was a trick to draw them out of the Wagenburg. As the radicals approached the Leaguers' army, the Leaguers stopped and began to fire from their wagons. At the same time, the Leaguers' heavy cavalry, which had been hidden near the radicals' camp, undertook a surprise attack from the side and penetrated into the open Wagenburg. The radicals' army quickly collapsed and the commander of the Orphans' cavalry, Čapek of Sány, fled with all his men to the nearby town of Kolín . The battle now changed into a massacre of the lightly equipped radical forces. Both Prokop the Great and Prokůpek ( Prokop the Lesser ) were killed, holding "the last stand" at the wagons. Some prominent leaders of the radicals, including Jan Roháč of Dubá , were captured, but about 700 ordinary soldiers who surrendered after promises of renewed military service were burned to death in nearby barns. Aftermath [ edit ] As a consequence of the battle, the Taborite army was markedly weakened, and the Orphans virtually ceased to exist as a military force. The road towards acceptance of the Compacts of Basel was now open, and it was signed on 5 July 1436 in Jihlava . The next month, Sigismund was accepted as King of Bohemia by all major factions. Sigismund commented on the Battle of Lipany that "the Bohemians could be overcome only by Bohemians." The last formation of Taborites under the command of Jan Roháč of Dubé was besieged at his castle Sion near Kutná Hora . It was then captured by Sigismund's forces, and on 9 September 1437 Roháč, still refusing to accept Sigismund as his King, was hanged in Prague . With the wars officially over, many Hussites were now hired as mercenaries by the same countries whom they had sacked during the pillaging expeditions they had called "beautiful rides." See al
Battle of Lipany - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lipany


Battle of Grunwald - Wikipedia
1410 battle between the Teutonic Order and Poland–Lithuania The Battle of Grunwald , Battle of Žalgiris or First Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War . The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), who did not participate in the battle himself, and Grand Duke Vytautas , decisively defeated the German Teutonic Order , led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen . Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership were killed or taken prisoner. Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the subsequent siege of the Malbork Castle and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411) , with other territorial disputes continuing until the Treaty of Melno in 1422. The order, however, never recovered their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands controlled by them. The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant regional political and military force. [8] The battle was one of the largest in medieval Europe . [9] The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. [10] During the 20th century, the battle was used in nancy German and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation. [11] Names and sources [ edit ] The most important source about the battle is Cronica conflictus... [12] Traditionally, the battle's location was thought to be in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order , on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde ( Grunwald ) to the west, Tannenberg ( Stębark ) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf ( Łodwigowo , Ludwikowice) to the south. However, research by Swedish historian Sven Ekdahl [ de ] and archaeological excavations in 2014–2017 proved that the actual site was south of Grünfelde (Grunwald). [13] Władysław II Jagiełło referred to the site in Latin as in loco conflictus nostri, quem cum Cruciferis de Prusia habuimus, dicto Grunenvelt . [8] Later, Polish chroniclers interpreted the word Grunenvelt ("green field" in Low German ) as Grünwald , meaning "green forest" in German. The Lithuanians ***owed suit and tras*lated the name as Žalgiris . [14] The Germans named the battle after Tannenberg ("fir hill" or "pine hill" in German). [15] Thus, there are three commonly used names for the battle: German : Schlacht bei Tannenberg , Polish : bitwa pod Grunwaldem , Lithuanian : Žalgirio mūšis . Its names in the languages of oth
Battle of Grunwald - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald


Battle of Formigny - Wikipedia
1450 battle of the Hundred Years' War Battle of Formigny Part of the Hundred Years' War Illumination adorning La Cronicque du temps de Tres Chrestien Roy Charles, septisme de ce nom, roy de France by Jean Chartier, c. 1470–1479 Date 15 April 1450 Location Result French and Breton victory Belligerents Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of England Commanders and leaders Charles de Bourbon Arthur de Richemont Thomas Kyriell ( POW ) Strength 3,000 French 1,200–2,000 Bretons (reinforcements) 4,000–7,000 Casualties and losses 500–600 killed or wounded [2] 2,000–3,754 killed [1] 900–1,400 captured [1] The Battle of Formigny , fought on 15 April 1450, was a major battle of the Hundred Years' War between the kingdom of England and the kingdom of France. The destruction of England's last army in Normandy in the battle and the decisive French victory paved the way for the capture of the remaining English strongholds in Normandy. [3] [4] Background [ edit ] The French, under Charles VII , had taken the time offered by the Treaty of Tours in 1444 to reorganize and reinvigorate their armies. [5] The English, without clear leadership from the weak Henry VI , were scattered and dangerously weak. [6] When the French broke the truce in June 1449 they were in a much improved position. Pont-Audemer , Pont-L'Evêque and Lisieux fell in August and much of Normandy was retaken by October. Cutting north and east the Bureau brothers oversaw the capture of Rouen (October 1449), Harfleur (December 1449), Honfleur and Fresnoy (January 1450), before moving on to invade Caen . [1] The English had gathered a small army during the winter of 1449. Numbering around 3,400 men, it was dispatched from Portsmouth to Cherbourg under the command of Sir Thomas Kyriell . Upon landing on 15 March 1450, Kyriell's army was reinforced by Edmund Beaufort , Duke of Somerset and lieutenant general of Normandy with forces drawn from Norman garrisons under Sir Matthew Gough ( Bayeux ), Sir Robert de Vere (Caen) and Sir Henry Norbury ( Vire ). [1] Kyriell advanced south, laying siege to Valognes , which blocked Cherbourg from the rest of the Cotentin peninsula . Valognes fell on 27 March after a short siege and Kyriell continued his advance toward French-held Carentan . [1] When the English army circled Carentan on 12 April, the French declined to sally although there were a number of smaller skirmishes. Kyriell turned east towards Bayeux , reaching the village of Formigny on 14 April. A French army of 3,000 men under Jean de Bourbon , who was also Comte de Clermont , advanced east from Carentan to intercept the English force. On the same day a force of 1,200–2,000 Breton cavalry, under Arthur de Richemont , had reached Saint-Lô from the south. [1] [4] On 15 April, Clermont's forces were sighted by the English. The armies faced each other on the Carentan- Bayeux road, near a small tributary of the Aure , the English with their backs to the stream. The English formation was 4,000–7,000 stro
Battle of Formigny - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny
“The Mongols did not have counterweight trebuchets”
Mongol might get counterweight trebuchet during the reign Of Chinggiz khan. Roman Khrapochevsky thinks that they got them during the invasion of Khawarezm empire, there is a source written by Xu ting , who said that the Mongol incorporated Muslim engineers for siege machines. Probably , the Mongols did not possess them during the invasion of Europe, but they might have captured them , like they did in the Middle East . There is an example. According to the Minhaj al-Din Juzjani “Tabaqat i-nasiri” The Mongols “brought from Mosul a famous catapult “Manjaniq”(Counterweight trebuchet). during the siege of Mayyafariqin (Mongol invasion of the Middle East). An-Nasavi “ Biography of Sultan Jalal ad Din” also mentioned “Manjaniqs” in the Mongol army during the invasion of Khwarezm empire in 1220s, he mentioned such machine during the siege of Urgench.
As to artisans , engineers, useful workers and craftsmen ,the Mongol always took them wherever possible .The Mongol indeed captured a lot of captives in Europe. Some of them even worked in the place, i live in Kyrgyzstan , here were a lot of miners who worked in Talas region, they were Germans.

Golden Horde vs Europe
Returning to the Mongols and Europeans, there are both pros and cons of both sides.
Mongol Empire
advantages

1. Technologies
2. Leadership
3. Organization
4. Tactics
5. Strategy
6. Resources
7. Manpower
8. All kind of forces( cavalry, horse archery, artillery, infantry)

drawbacks

1. Overspreading of territories
2. Lack of centralization, due to vast territories
3. Rebellions
4. Succession of leaders

Golden Horde
advantages

1. Leadership
2. Organization
3. Tactics
4. Strategy
5. Horse archery

drawbacks

1. Lack of idealogy
2. Internal conflicts within the horde

Europe
advantages

1. Population
2. Geography
3. Resources

drawbacks

1. Organization
2. Timing of gathering force
3. tactics
4. strategy

Conclusion of the Mongol empire and the Golden Horde campaigns in Europe
Despite a large hype, the European victories were way less impressive than that of Mamluks ,Gulyams of Delhi Sultanate, Vietnamese, Majahapit Kingdom. As mentioned earlier, there were no 100% proofs, that those operations were invasion with aim of conquest. Some historians, as Alexander Kadyrbaev doubts of it, he tends to think, that the nomads just raided western neighbors. The Golden Hordes economy was depended on the Silk Road, rather than invasions. Probably, the Golden Horde was not interested in expanding westwards. The Golden Horde did possess capabilities to overrun Europe. Both Mongol empire and the Golden Horde were capable to take over Europe. So, could the Mongol have take over Europe? Yes, they could have. However ,its my personnel opinion. Objectively, only battlefield could prove it.

Sources:
Rashīd al-Dīn “Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (“Collector of Chronicles”)
Minhaj al-Din Juzjani “Tabaqat i-nasiri”
“The Secret history of the Mongols”.
Master Roger “Epistle to the Sorrowful lament upon the destruction of Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars”.
Thomas of Split “Historia Salonitana”.

La palabra para lo que hacian los turco chinos no era conquistar, sino ARRASAR.

Hombre ... Llegar, llegar ...
Incluso hay "hebidencias" que se establecieron en la Península Ibérica.
Elda fue su "capital" y el último espécimen de mongol(o) es el forero El_Perro.

No podían.

Todo ejército necesita armas, alimentos y víveres, lo que se llama logística.

Los mongoles, más allá de Hungría, no tenían de donde sacar pasto para sus caballos. Más hacia el oeste sus caballos habrían muerto por falta de alimento.

No había una peli?

Fueron derrotados y además a lo grande por polacos y húngaros en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII, esas imágenes de mongoles combatiendo a caballeros cruzados teutones y hospitalarios son fantasía pura y dura, en la batalla de Liegnitz no estuvieron ni unos ni otros. Mucho adolescente fantaseando con un viril Gengis Khan amarillo, que además probablemente era turcoide.

etnianOMOR0 dijo:

Fueron derrotados y además a lo grande por polacos y húngaros en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII, esas imágenes de mongoles combatiendo a caballeros cruzados teutones y hospitalarios son fantasía pura y dura, en la batalla de Liegnitz no estuvieron ni unos ni otros. Mucho adolescente fantaseando con un viril Gengis Khan amarillo, que además probablemente era turcoide.

Hacer clic para expandir...

Bueno, parece ser que en Liegnitz y Hungría los mongos barrieron a sus contrincantes, sin conocer nada de Europa previamente estuvieron algunos años recorriendo hasta el Adriático sin nadie que pudiera pararles.

Resumen?

Cuando estaban unidos bajo el mando del gran temujin si, otra cosa es que les duraría cuatro días por la antiestética e inútil costumbre de repartir reinos entre los hijos y dividir el imperio aposta.

Hubieran podido quizás a mediados del XIII. El problema de los mongoles es que rápidamente entraron en decadencia. La primera oleada turística fue un éxito. La segunda ganaron pero ya les costó más y en la tercera, en la década de 1280 ya perdieron como también perdieron en sus invasiones asiáticas.contemporaneas.

Me gustaria ver a los mongoles luchando en los bosques germanos o en las cordilleras montañosas antes de llegar a Francia o Italia.