Historia medieval. Europa desde sus orígenes, por Joseph Hogarty (Docus en Inglés)

Delaney20 · 28 Ene 2014

Brutal colección de documentales (en inglés) de la historia medieval de Europa y el germen de la civilización Occidental. Muy riguroso con los datos académicos, rompe muchas de las leyendas y errores inducidos por interpretaciones Ilustradas, que intentaban empañar el papel de las estructuras del Ancien Régime por motivos políticos, y que aún persisten en la cultura popular. E incluye una explicación muy buena de la tras*formación del Imperio Romano occidental a los reinos medievales, el papel de Constantinopla, y como no hubo una caída caótica, sino una tras*ición gradual a otro modelo.

Europe from its Origins

Esta serie ofrece un estudio pormenorizado de la Edad Media en video.

Veintidós episodios de una hora de duración, presentan una rica imagen desplegando un vasto panorama de acontecimientos, lo que permite concebir todo el período de una manera fresca e intelectualmente estimulante.

Comprender la cultura de la Edad Media, es el punto de partida para la comprensión de nuestra propia identidad

Ya advierto que es muy denso, se para mucho en detalles y no tiene infográficos y "dramatizaciones" espectaculares como los del canal de historia, pero saca muchas representaciones artísticas contemporaneas, muy currado. Además el tipo habla a un ritmo asequible, con un ligero acento irlandés, bastante fácil de entender.

En el spoiler, los enlaces para descarga o para gestores:

Aquí, los enlaces a la página para ver cada capítulo online (requiere quicktime).

>1. AD 312-390: Constantinian Revolution
AD 312 - 390

Edward Gibbon, writing between the American and French revolutions, began his History with the Antonine Roman Emperors, c.180 AD, ruling a society which the Enlightenment saw as the pinnacle of civilization.
This account takes, on the other hand, its starting point from c.300 AD, when real and substantial changes occurred in ancient Mediterranean society, changes which were to give birth to a tras*formed culture, to a shift in values and to a new form of life.
The perspective in Gibbon’s day was to trace a process of decline; the purpose here is to ***ow a society as it continued on its course and in the process very slowly was to tras*mute into another kind of civilization, the one from which our own was to emerge.

>2. AD 350-530: Assimilation of the Germani
AD 350 - 530

This period is usually treated as “The Fall of the Roman Empire”. It covers the ‘long’ 5th century.
What occurred was not the collapse of civilization and the onset of barbarism and “The Dark Ages”, as is popularly believed, but the collapse, and then partial restoration, of a centralized political régime. This is not at all the same thing as the End of Civilization.
In fact ancient civilization continued uninterrupted. What happened was the acceleration, and an increase in scale, of a process that had been evident for centuries: the gradual replacement of the Roman military structures by a largely or partially assimilated German warrior caste, originating from the frontier regions of the Empire.
This change in military personnel, when scaled up from the late 300s, brought with it a political alteration: most of the western provinces effectively became autonomous from the central Imperial government at Ravenna.
But underneath this military and political tras*mutation, life in the ancient Mediterranean world went on, as it had for over a millennium.

>3. AD 500-620: Roman Empire Renewed
AD 500 - 620

The Roman Empire continued through the 400s and 500s - at Constantinople.
A sub-Roman order settled on the West, presided over by Theodoricus in Italy, with Goths forming the ruling élite in Spain and Franks that of Gaul. A new Roman emperor, Justinian, launched a great war to reunite the West to Constantinople, which largely succeeded.
But the Black Death and the struggle with the great power of Parthia in the east undermined the Roman state’s hold on Italy, where its allies the Lombards descended and took half of the peninsula. The Goths in Spain and the Franks in Gaul took over Roman territories and underwent a process of political consolidation, forming the kernel of a future European political paradigm that differed from the Roman one.
In 613 the Sassanids launched an invasion of the Roman Empire, taking Syria and Egypt. A Great War ensued, in which the Roman Emperor Heraclius was ultimately triumphant.
But both the civilized great powers, Roman and Persian, had exhausted one another. To their south in the deserts of Arabia, their Nemesis was stirring - Islam.

>4. AD 500-633: The Graeco-Roman East
AD 500 - 633

Here we summon up a lost world, the Graeco-Roman Christian society of the Near East, as it existed for almost a millennium prior to the Islamic Invasions of 636 AD.
The evidence for this world lies all about us, in monumental ruins just as spectacular as those on the northern shores of the Mediterranean and on our library shelves. But our shared historical memory has no image of this world after the time of Cleopatra. Our forgetfulness renders the subsequent history of medieval Christendom unintelligible.
This episode tries to fill in the void in our memory, to summon forth how a rich Graeco-Roman life was once lived in what have long since become Muslim societies.
How Graeco-Roman society became a Muslim society is a long story, but it begins with a sudden conquest by a very different people, emanating from the wastes of central Arabia.

>5. AD 630-680: The Islamic Invasions
AD 630 - 680

To conceive how the Mediterranean world of Antiquity tras*itioned to the new world of the European Middle Ages, the fate of the Graeco-Roman Near East first needs to be understood.
We have long ago forgotten that the Near East and North Africa were once integral to Graeco-Roman society and civilization. Indeed, North Africa, Egypt and Syria were not peripheries, they were not alien add-ons to the Roman Empire, but lay at its very heart as a society and a polity.
This reality, which we have lost sight of, was long remembered, was ‘known’, by Christendom through much of the Middle Ages.
The passionate focus and strivings of the people of the Middle Ages, both in Europe and in the remains of the Roman Empire, to regain the lost half of their cultural realm cannot be understood unless we appreciate this.
This episode describes the first phase of the Islamic conquest of the Roman Orient. It was a barbarian invasion like all the others, but with one crucial difference: these barbarians wanted the wealth and the power of the civilization that they had conquered, but not its culture, values and way of life: they had brought their own.

>6. AD 680-754: Latin Christendom
AD 680 - 754

The ancient Mediterranean civilizational sphere is fractured, but Muslim assaults on Constantinople and on Francia fail. The enormous economic and cultural setback resulting from this. The Roman state imposes iconoclasm; causing resistance by the papacy, which turns to the Franks: ‘Latin Christendom’ as a separate entity is conceived.

>7. AD 754-840: Charlemagne
AD 754 - 840

After the calamity of the Islamic Invasions, what were the consequences? We know now, that the Mediterranean world would never be the same again, but at that time, and for centuries afterwards, people sustained the hope that what had befallen them could be reversed.

Here we see in some detail the practical consequences of the loss of the core lands of the eastern Mediterranean. The Roman Empire, now enormously shrunken, managed to adapt and to hold its Nemesis at bay, for many further centuries.

But economic, social and cultural decline were the inevitable results of such drastic surgery. That calamity affected the Roman Empire as much as it did the less developed and less urbanized Occident. If we can speak of a ‘Dark Age’, then this is when it began.

The positive response in the Occident was as remarkable as the resistance and adaptation were in the East. A Frankish-Papal condominium emerged, uniting northern Italy - not with Constantinople - but with the now great kingdom of the Franks.

Under the wing of the Carolingian kings, Christianity thrust its way into central Germania, a pagan and tribal heartland. The Franks thus initiated the expansion of Christendom eastwards, across the continent of Europe. Charlemagne marked the height of this process, forging a political and military coherence, as well as an economic, social and cultural revivification of the whole Occident, thereby laying the foundations for the European Middle Ages.

>8. AD 840-990: The Deluge
AD 840 - 990

The later 800s saw the fragmentation of the Califate, creating two powerful rivals in Spain and in north Africa and Egypt. The Roman Empire of Constantinople began its long struggle to actively push back against its enemies.
But in the Occident the weakening of the Califate brought no relief. The Emir of Córdoba became powerful enough to assume the title of Calif himself, while the Jovenlandeses of Africa turned decades of raiding into a full-scale conquest of Roman Sicily.
And so began the darkest century and a half of the West’s history. Western Christendom was politically divided and helpless against the Norsemen who were raiding seasonally for what valuables they could seize and silver they could extort. In the east, in what is now Russia, they reached down as far as Baghdad. But in the west, they brought only devastation.
Slowly Christendom began to find the means to resist, through local defense and the building of fortified strongpoints. But just as the Norse were beginning to be contained, out of the Asian steppe came a new horse horde, the Magyars who also lived from cruel predation and systematic devastation. The eastern Frankish kingdom, based now on Saxony, gathered the strength to defeat them, and in the process created a powerful kingship, which assumed the western imperial title, the alliance with the papacy and the authority of the Carolingians in northern Italy.
Meanwhile southern and central Italy, as well as southern France, were under prolonged and ruthless assault from the Jovenlandeses of Sicily, Africa and Spain, mainly hunting for slaves. Finally, by the end of the 900s, these too were largely contained.
Western Christendom emerged from these harrowing experiences as a society tras*formed, one that we recognize as medieval Europe.

>9. AD 960-1070: A new civilization
AD 960 - 1070

Two centuries after the commencement of the great Islamic irruption into the civilized world, and of the inundation of steppe peoples into Hungary and the Balkans, the old Mediterranean world gradually recovered its poise and began to rebound.
The Roman Empire of Constantinople underwent an all-round recovery and between 850 and 1050 was in full political, as well as cultural, expansion. It looked like the Empire as it had been under Justinian the Great would be reestablished. The resurrection of the Empire’s fortunes provided the framework and much of the impetus for the resuscitation of the West.
In the Occident new shoots of growth and expansion appeared everywhere from the late 900s onwards. But this was on an entirely different political basis: whereas in east Rome there was a capital city and a central government, in the West there was thoroughgoing political fragmentation. Into this authority vacuum stepped the regional counts and dukes, and above them the still thinly-based western Emperors in Germany, and, ever more firmly, the Roman papacy.
Here we attempt to capture some of the complexity of these processes, most of them moving in a positive, upward direction.

>10. AD 1050-1074: The Leadup to Crusade
AD 968 - 1095

The Crusade is undoubtedly the most controversial aspect of the medieval period.
In this episode we examine how a deeply pacifist minority movement of Christians gradually tras*muted into a society which espoused the state which represented it and manned the armies of that state – the Roman Empire of Constantinople.
By the mid-800s the Occident had, in its period of greatest crisis, rallied, not always coherently, behind the Roman papacy. The popes of the late 800s began to hold out the promise of remission of sins, and thereby salvation, as the recompense for fighting to preserve Christendom.
Two centuries later, the papacy decisively shook off secular interference and affirmed its own supremacy as the leader of Christendom. In doing so, it collided with the western Emperors.
The situation was tras*formed by the irruption of a new warlike people from the steppes of central Asia – the Seljuk Turks. These swept through the domains of the Baghdad Califate and took Syria and ****a. Later, they annihilated the Roman field army at Manzikert. Thereafter, they inundated the Roman provinces of Asia Minor, spreading terror and destruction among its Christian population.
This provided the background and impetus for the first Crusade.

>11. AD 1075-1122: Consensus & Crusade
AD 960 - 1063

How did the Western tradition of civil society arise? Where do we look to find the deepest roots of constitutional government and the rule of law, for representative political institutions, for the first glimmers of a civic democracy?
These primary characteristics of our modern society are universally assumed to be the very antithesis of a society of intensifying religious fervour, where secular power drains away into the hands of an ascendant theocratic hierarchy, where wide sections of the population enthusiastically undertake wars of religiously-inspired reconquest.
But the paradox is that the roots and force of our modern civil institutions are to be found precisely in a period that also produced the Crusades, the medieval papacy, and saw the formation of the independence and power of the medieval Latin Christian church.
These things are, I suspect, intimately related. In this episode we observe their emergence and interaction, as a form of society engendering itself, as if on a rich laboratory growth medium.

>12. AD 1100-1200: Cultural Efflorescence
AD 1100 - 1200

Modern culture wars and the retrospective shaping of Europe’s past.

The first half of this episode deals with the exaggerations and distortions which beset our common understandings of the past - among them the concepts of the ‘Dark Ages’, of ‘Byzantium’, of the Renaissance and its claimed causation by Islamic thought.

The second part details some aspects of what has been termed ‘The 12th Century Renaissance’- economic and social change, the Cistercian monastic Order, the formation of the universities, the flourishing of Troubadour poetry and chivalric culture, and the emergence and spread of the ‘Gothic’ style.

>13. AD 1100s & 1200s: Christian Republic
1100s & 1200s

During 12th and 13th centuries Europe consolidated itself, deepening and ramifying its cultural characteristics. It had the social mass and complexity to be, for the first time, a new and unique civilization, joining those already existing.
Here we examine what were the realities of language at that time, the culturally forming and educating role of religion at all levels, the unifying pull of the Roman papacy, and finally the various forms of military-religious activity, especially the knights Templar and other Orders.

>14. AD 1147-1204: Christendom Expanding
AD 1147 - 1204

The Crusades have become a highly contested theme within Western culture, and a trigger for livid animosity outside it. This was not always the case. Putting aside the easy jovenlandesalizing of contemporary attitudes, here we look at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Crusades, and seek to understand how their various outcomes shaped important aspects of our world today, what they were like as they were happening, what the social and political context was within which they occurred. Their theatres were the Near East, Germany, Portugal, Turkey and above all the Roman Empire of Constantinople.

>15. AD 1204-1238 : The Feudal Polity
AD 1204 - 1238

A few short years, so long ago. But the opening decades of the 1200s saw a wealth of spectacular and future-shaping events occur.
We start with an account of the nature of the medieval polity, of “feudal” political relations; we see the new Latin principalities of the east Mediterranean as prototypes of the European approach to political society; we also see that slavery and serfdom, perennial in human societies, gradually became extinct in the home countries of medieval Europe. We see the rise of a culture of Liberties, embodied in charters. We trace the great French dynastic civil war that created ‘France’ and began the process of the creation of ‘England’, and which framed and gave rise to the Magna Carta. Finally, we see the definitive reconquest of the Iberian peninsula for Christendom, and end with the emergence of parliamentary political institutions as the European norm during the 1200s.

>16. AD 1238-1291: The Struggle for Order
AD 1238 - 1291

In the central 1200s Europe escaped a Mongol conquest – by the merest chance.
The Baltic became (or was made to be) Christian during this period. The Mongol invasion created the pre-conditions for the later emergence of ‘Russia’.
Christendom’s internal conflicts continued regardless: in Italy the Emperor fought a war to re-establish the Roman Empire … and failed, leaving in the debris the long-term bases for the emergence of ‘Germany’ and ‘Italy’; heresy arose for the first time as a whole social movement, particularly in the County of Toulouse, precipitating an internal Crusade, ending in a further expansion of the French crown’s reach. As the Empire fragmented, so too did France expand and consolidate.
At the end of the century the Crusading movement in the Holy Land finally met its fate, and was definitively defeated with the fall of the city of Acre.

>17. AD 1200-1350: Cultural Shift
AD 1200 - 1350

A major tras*formation in the religious, jovenlandesal and artistic culture of Europe occurred during the Central Middle Ages, a shift in the whole tenor of Latin Christian civilization, its sensibility and values. The usual stress on the tras*formative effects of the Renaissance have obscured this fundamental cultural advance, whose effects are omnipresent in our culture today. In this episode we trace the outline of that great tras*formative shift.

>18. AD 1276-1347: Princely Sovereignty
AD 1276 - 1347

After Acre fell in 1291, it was to be more than a hundred years before European princes would undertake another major Crusade. Why was this so?
In this episode we see the emergence of Ottoman power in north-west Anatolia, sealing the permanent civilizational loss of Graeco-Roman Asia Minor to Christendom.
Europe, in contrast, appeared to be powerful and united under papal leadership, as the Republic of Christendom. But within European society deep political changes were afoot that would lead to centuries of internal civil war and paralysis vis-à-vis the wider Mediterranean world.

>19. AD 1347-1396: Division & Disasters
AD 1347 - 1396

The long secular rise of Christendom, unbroken since the 10th century, suffered severe setbacks during the 14th. The society had reached a high level of wealth, for the elite; those working the land had a standard of life better than in some regions of the 3rd World today. There were major gains on the peripheries: in Spain the last major invasion from jovenlandéscco was successfully repulsed; in the east pagan Lithuania opted to join the European cultural realm.

But internally the society was fracturing on several levels, as new ways of thinking and new forms of claims to authority collided with one another. Civil war was the result, and from it spewed forth chaos. While this almost paralysed Christendom, the Roman Empire at Constantinople was entering its final years, as the Ottoman Turks emerged as an enormous military power and tras*planted their centre to continental Europe.

>20. AD 1356-1414: The Great Schism
AD 1356 - 1414

In the later 1300s the Turks were able to grow in power and tighten their stranglehold on Constantinople because Latin Christendom was caught in a descending vortex of factional inner conflict.
The 100 Years War spawned new methods of warfare – the mercenary Companies. These became a source of systemic instability.
The period saw a long truce in the 100 Years War, unleashing the Companies into Spain and northern Italy. But none of the three kingdoms in Iberia – Castile, Aragon and Portugal – could achieve outright hegemony in the peninsula.
The papacy at Avignon systematized its hold on the ecclesiastical structure of Latin Christendom and extracted from all over Europe the coin to fund its wars in central Italy, in order to reassert its authority over the Papal States and make a return to Rome antiestéticasible. In the process, it drew sustained criticism from Italy and from some intellectuals.
Papal war in central Italy was partially successful, but the return of the pope in 1378 proved a disaster. A botched papal election led to two anti-popes claiming exclusive authority. Immediately warfare broke out and the entire Latin church descended into a 40-year Schism.
The Great Schism was a watershed in European religious sensibility, for the standing scandal it represented corroded social reverence for the office of the papacy and opened the way for individual university doctors to mount frontal assaults on the whole edifice of medieval religious assumptions. The result, in Bohemia, was a terrible religious civil war, a harbinger of the long-term future.

>21. AD 1414-1460: The End of the World (1)
AD 1414 - 1460

Part 1 – In 1400 Europe was religiously split and at war with itself in various regions. Constantinople would soon have fallen to the Turks besieging it had not Timur erupted from Samarkand and destroyed both Sultan Bayezid and his army. Meanwhile, during the period of respite, in the West exasperation with the Schism led to the Council of Constance, which finally healed it.
But the Council’s action also triggered an enormous religious millenarian revolution in Bohemia, called the Hussite Wars. The second Council at Basel entered into the direct conflict with the newly restored Roman papacy. The participation of the eastern Emperor and the entire hierarchy of the eastern church at the alternative Council convened by the pope at Florence outflanked the one at Basel, and also brought about a formal union of the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Meanwhile, in France a ruthless and triangular struggle was underway to seize power, between the Armagnacs, the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of England.

>22. The End of the World Part 2
AD 1414 ? 1460

Part 2 – In 1453 the Turks took Constantinople. This event finally ended the last remnant of the Roman Empire. It also shook Europe, challenged accepted beliefs about divine Providence and destroyed ancient certainties about the natural order of the world.
1453 was also the year in which the Valois monarchy won the 100 Years War, crystallizing for the future two distinct political ‘communities of identity’ – that of an England and that of a France.
Such enormous endings and new beginnings, happening simultaneously, provide a threshold historical moment which is a convenient point at which to end the series.

1974 · 28 Ene 2014

Gracias DElaney por el curro que te has pegado, pero en mi opinion adolecen del "defecto" anglosajón de ningunear o enmierdar a españa, del tema de la oleada turística fiel a la religión del amora de la peninsula, se dice poco y mal, dando a entender que en españa todos eran fiel a la religión del amores que atacaban francia...

Plvs Vltra · 29 Ene 2014

Las palabras inglés e historiador son oximoron. Por ejemplo un historiador inglés siempre negara que en León nació la monarquía parlamentaria y después los ingleses y otros reinos la copiaron. También historiadores ingleses como franceses negaran que la escuela de Salamanca es la verdadera cuna del humanismo moderno y no Florencia, ni Al Andalus, ni Francia ni Inglaterra.

jabeque_borrado · 29 Ene 2014

Delaney20 dijo:
Brutal colección de documentales (en inglés) de la historia medieval de Europa y el germen de la civilización Occidental. Muy riguroso con los datos académicos, rompe muchas de las leyendas y errores inducidos por interpretaciones Ilustradas, que intentaban empañar el papel de las estructuras del Ancien Régime por motivos políticos, y que aún persisten en la cultura popular. E incluye una explicación muy buena de la tras*formación del Imperio Romano occidental a los reinos medievales, el papel de Constantinopla, y como no hubo una caída caótica, sino una tras*ición gradual a otro modelo.

Europe from its Origins

Ya advierto que es muy denso, se para mucho en detalles y no tiene infográficos y "dramatizaciones" espectaculares como los del canal de historia, pero saca muchas representaciones artísticas contemporaneas, muy currado. Además el tipo habla a un ritmo asequible, con un ligero acento irlandés, bastante fácil de entender.

En el spoiler, los enlaces para descarga o para gestores:

http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode%201.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 2.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 3.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 4.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 5.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 6.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 7.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 8.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 9.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 10.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 11.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 12.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 13.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 14.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 15.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 16.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 17.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 18.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 19.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 20.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 21.m4v
http://www.ahistoryofeurope.eu/Media/Episode 22.m4v

Aquí, los enlaces a la página para ver cada capítulo online (requiere quicktime).

>1. AD 312-390: Constantinian Revolution
AD 312 - 390

Edward Gibbon, writing between the American and French revolutions, began his History with the Antonine Roman Emperors, c.180 AD, ruling a society which the Enlightenment saw as the pinnacle of civilization.
This account takes, on the other hand, its starting point from c.300 AD, when real and substantial changes occurred in ancient Mediterranean society, changes which were to give birth to a tras*formed culture, to a shift in values and to a new form of life.
The perspective in Gibbon’s day was to trace a process of decline; the purpose here is to ***ow a society as it continued on its course and in the process very slowly was to tras*mute into another kind of civilization, the one from which our own was to emerge.

>2. AD 350-530: Assimilation of the Germani
AD 350 - 530

This period is usually treated as “The Fall of the Roman Empire”. It covers the ‘long’ 5th century.
What occurred was not the collapse of civilization and the onset of barbarism and “The Dark Ages”, as is popularly believed, but the collapse, and then partial restoration, of a centralized political régime. This is not at all the same thing as the End of Civilization.
In fact ancient civilization continued uninterrupted. What happened was the acceleration, and an increase in scale, of a process that had been evident for centuries: the gradual replacement of the Roman military structures by a largely or partially assimilated German warrior caste, originating from the frontier regions of the Empire.
This change in military personnel, when scaled up from the late 300s, brought with it a political alteration: most of the western provinces effectively became autonomous from the central Imperial government at Ravenna.
But underneath this military and political tras*mutation, life in the ancient Mediterranean world went on, as it had for over a millennium.

>3. AD 500-620: Roman Empire Renewed
AD 500 - 620

The Roman Empire continued through the 400s and 500s - at Constantinople.
A sub-Roman order settled on the West, presided over by Theodoricus in Italy, with Goths forming the ruling élite in Spain and Franks that of Gaul. A new Roman emperor, Justinian, launched a great war to reunite the West to Constantinople, which largely succeeded.
But the Black Death and the struggle with the great power of Parthia in the east undermined the Roman state’s hold on Italy, where its allies the Lombards descended and took half of the peninsula. The Goths in Spain and the Franks in Gaul took over Roman territories and underwent a process of political consolidation, forming the kernel of a future European political paradigm that differed from the Roman one.
In 613 the Sassanids launched an invasion of the Roman Empire, taking Syria and Egypt. A Great War ensued, in which the Roman Emperor Heraclius was ultimately triumphant.
But both the civilized great powers, Roman and Persian, had exhausted one another. To their south in the deserts of Arabia, their Nemesis was stirring - Islam.

>4. AD 500-633: The Graeco-Roman East
AD 500 - 633

Here we summon up a lost world, the Graeco-Roman Christian society of the Near East, as it existed for almost a millennium prior to the Islamic Invasions of 636 AD.
The evidence for this world lies all about us, in monumental ruins just as spectacular as those on the northern shores of the Mediterranean and on our library shelves. But our shared historical memory has no image of this world after the time of Cleopatra. Our forgetfulness renders the subsequent history of medieval Christendom unintelligible.
This episode tries to fill in the void in our memory, to summon forth how a rich Graeco-Roman life was once lived in what have long since become Muslim societies.
How Graeco-Roman society became a Muslim society is a long story, but it begins with a sudden conquest by a very different people, emanating from the wastes of central Arabia.

>5. AD 630-680: The Islamic Invasions
AD 630 - 680

To conceive how the Mediterranean world of Antiquity tras*itioned to the new world of the European Middle Ages, the fate of the Graeco-Roman Near East first needs to be understood.
We have long ago forgotten that the Near East and North Africa were once integral to Graeco-Roman society and civilization. Indeed, North Africa, Egypt and Syria were not peripheries, they were not alien add-ons to the Roman Empire, but lay at its very heart as a society and a polity.
This reality, which we have lost sight of, was long remembered, was ‘known’, by Christendom through much of the Middle Ages.
The passionate focus and strivings of the people of the Middle Ages, both in Europe and in the remains of the Roman Empire, to regain the lost half of their cultural realm cannot be understood unless we appreciate this.
This episode describes the first phase of the Islamic conquest of the Roman Orient. It was a barbarian invasion like all the others, but with one crucial difference: these barbarians wanted the wealth and the power of the civilization that they had conquered, but not its culture, values and way of life: they had brought their own.

>6. AD 680-754: Latin Christendom
AD 680 - 754

The ancient Mediterranean civilizational sphere is fractured, but Muslim assaults on Constantinople and on Francia fail. The enormous economic and cultural setback resulting from this. The Roman state imposes iconoclasm; causing resistance by the papacy, which turns to the Franks: ‘Latin Christendom’ as a separate entity is conceived.

>7. AD 754-840: Charlemagne
AD 754 - 840

After the calamity of the Islamic Invasions, what were the consequences? We know now, that the Mediterranean world would never be the same again, but at that time, and for centuries afterwards, people sustained the hope that what had befallen them could be reversed.

Here we see in some detail the practical consequences of the loss of the core lands of the eastern Mediterranean. The Roman Empire, now enormously shrunken, managed to adapt and to hold its Nemesis at bay, for many further centuries.

But economic, social and cultural decline were the inevitable results of such drastic surgery. That calamity affected the Roman Empire as much as it did the less developed and less urbanized Occident. If we can speak of a ‘Dark Age’, then this is when it began.

The positive response in the Occident was as remarkable as the resistance and adaptation were in the East. A Frankish-Papal condominium emerged, uniting northern Italy - not with Constantinople - but with the now great kingdom of the Franks.

Under the wing of the Carolingian kings, Christianity thrust its way into central Germania, a pagan and tribal heartland. The Franks thus initiated the expansion of Christendom eastwards, across the continent of Europe. Charlemagne marked the height of this process, forging a political and military coherence, as well as an economic, social and cultural revivification of the whole Occident, thereby laying the foundations for the European Middle Ages.

>8. AD 840-990: The Deluge
AD 840 - 990

The later 800s saw the fragmentation of the Califate, creating two powerful rivals in Spain and in north Africa and Egypt. The Roman Empire of Constantinople began its long struggle to actively push back against its enemies.
But in the Occident the weakening of the Califate brought no relief. The Emir of Córdoba became powerful enough to assume the title of Calif himself, while the Jovenlandeses of Africa turned decades of raiding into a full-scale conquest of Roman Sicily.
And so began the darkest century and a half of the West’s history. Western Christendom was politically divided and helpless against the Norsemen who were raiding seasonally for what valuables they could seize and silver they could extort. In the east, in what is now Russia, they reached down as far as Baghdad. But in the west, they brought only devastation.
Slowly Christendom began to find the means to resist, through local defense and the building of fortified strongpoints. But just as the Norse were beginning to be contained, out of the Asian steppe came a new horse horde, the Magyars who also lived from cruel predation and systematic devastation. The eastern Frankish kingdom, based now on Saxony, gathered the strength to defeat them, and in the process created a powerful kingship, which assumed the western imperial title, the alliance with the papacy and the authority of the Carolingians in northern Italy.
Meanwhile southern and central Italy, as well as southern France, were under prolonged and ruthless assault from the Jovenlandeses of Sicily, Africa and Spain, mainly hunting for slaves. Finally, by the end of the 900s, these too were largely contained.
Western Christendom emerged from these harrowing experiences as a society tras*formed, one that we recognize as medieval Europe.

>9. AD 960-1070: A new civilization
AD 960 - 1070

Two centuries after the commencement of the great Islamic irruption into the civilized world, and of the inundation of steppe peoples into Hungary and the Balkans, the old Mediterranean world gradually recovered its poise and began to rebound.
The Roman Empire of Constantinople underwent an all-round recovery and between 850 and 1050 was in full political, as well as cultural, expansion. It looked like the Empire as it had been under Justinian the Great would be reestablished. The resurrection of the Empire’s fortunes provided the framework and much of the impetus for the resuscitation of the West.
In the Occident new shoots of growth and expansion appeared everywhere from the late 900s onwards. But this was on an entirely different political basis: whereas in east Rome there was a capital city and a central government, in the West there was thoroughgoing political fragmentation. Into this authority vacuum stepped the regional counts and dukes, and above them the still thinly-based western Emperors in Germany, and, ever more firmly, the Roman papacy.
Here we attempt to capture some of the complexity of these processes, most of them moving in a positive, upward direction.

>10. AD 1050-1074: The Leadup to Crusade
AD 968 - 1095

The Crusade is undoubtedly the most controversial aspect of the medieval period.
In this episode we examine how a deeply pacifist minority movement of Christians gradually tras*muted into a society which espoused the state which represented it and manned the armies of that state – the Roman Empire of Constantinople.
By the mid-800s the Occident had, in its period of greatest crisis, rallied, not always coherently, behind the Roman papacy. The popes of the late 800s began to hold out the promise of remission of sins, and thereby salvation, as the recompense for fighting to preserve Christendom.
Two centuries later, the papacy decisively shook off secular interference and affirmed its own supremacy as the leader of Christendom. In doing so, it collided with the western Emperors.
The situation was tras*formed by the irruption of a new warlike people from the steppes of central Asia – the Seljuk Turks. These swept through the domains of the Baghdad Califate and took Syria and ****a. Later, they annihilated the Roman field army at Manzikert. Thereafter, they inundated the Roman provinces of Asia Minor, spreading terror and destruction among its Christian population.
This provided the background and impetus for the first Crusade.

>11. AD 1075-1122: Consensus & Crusade
AD 960 - 1063

How did the Western tradition of civil society arise? Where do we look to find the deepest roots of constitutional government and the rule of law, for representative political institutions, for the first glimmers of a civic democracy?
These primary characteristics of our modern society are universally assumed to be the very antithesis of a society of intensifying religious fervour, where secular power drains away into the hands of an ascendant theocratic hierarchy, where wide sections of the population enthusiastically undertake wars of religiously-inspired reconquest.
But the paradox is that the roots and force of our modern civil institutions are to be found precisely in a period that also produced the Crusades, the medieval papacy, and saw the formation of the independence and power of the medieval Latin Christian church.
These things are, I suspect, intimately related. In this episode we observe their emergence and interaction, as a form of society engendering itself, as if on a rich laboratory growth medium.

>12. AD 1100-1200: Cultural Efflorescence
AD 1100 - 1200

Modern culture wars and the retrospective shaping of Europe’s past.

The first half of this episode deals with the exaggerations and distortions which beset our common understandings of the past - among them the concepts of the ‘Dark Ages’, of ‘Byzantium’, of the Renaissance and its claimed causation by Islamic thought.

The second part details some aspects of what has been termed ‘The 12th Century Renaissance’- economic and social change, the Cistercian monastic Order, the formation of the universities, the flourishing of Troubadour poetry and chivalric culture, and the emergence and spread of the ‘Gothic’ style.

>13. AD 1100s & 1200s: Christian Republic
1100s & 1200s

During 12th and 13th centuries Europe consolidated itself, deepening and ramifying its cultural characteristics. It had the social mass and complexity to be, for the first time, a new and unique civilization, joining those already existing.
Here we examine what were the realities of language at that time, the culturally forming and educating role of religion at all levels, the unifying pull of the Roman papacy, and finally the various forms of military-religious activity, especially the knights Templar and other Orders.

>14. AD 1147-1204: Christendom Expanding
AD 1147 - 1204

The Crusades have become a highly contested theme within Western culture, and a trigger for livid animosity outside it. This was not always the case. Putting aside the easy jovenlandesalizing of contemporary attitudes, here we look at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Crusades, and seek to understand how their various outcomes shaped important aspects of our world today, what they were like as they were happening, what the social and political context was within which they occurred. Their theatres were the Near East, Germany, Portugal, Turkey and above all the Roman Empire of Constantinople.

>15. AD 1204-1238 : The Feudal Polity
AD 1204 - 1238

A few short years, so long ago. But the opening decades of the 1200s saw a wealth of spectacular and future-shaping events occur.
We start with an account of the nature of the medieval polity, of “feudal” political relations; we see the new Latin principalities of the east Mediterranean as prototypes of the European approach to political society; we also see that slavery and serfdom, perennial in human societies, gradually became extinct in the home countries of medieval Europe. We see the rise of a culture of Liberties, embodied in charters. We trace the great French dynastic civil war that created ‘France’ and began the process of the creation of ‘England’, and which framed and gave rise to the Magna Carta. Finally, we see the definitive reconquest of the Iberian peninsula for Christendom, and end with the emergence of parliamentary political institutions as the European norm during the 1200s.

>16. AD 1238-1291: The Struggle for Order
AD 1238 - 1291

In the central 1200s Europe escaped a Mongol conquest – by the merest chance.
The Baltic became (or was made to be) Christian during this period. The Mongol invasion created the pre-conditions for the later emergence of ‘Russia’.
Christendom’s internal conflicts continued regardless: in Italy the Emperor fought a war to re-establish the Roman Empire … and failed, leaving in the debris the long-term bases for the emergence of ‘Germany’ and ‘Italy’; heresy arose for the first time as a whole social movement, particularly in the County of Toulouse, precipitating an internal Crusade, ending in a further expansion of the French crown’s reach. As the Empire fragmented, so too did France expand and consolidate.
At the end of the century the Crusading movement in the Holy Land finally met its fate, and was definitively defeated with the fall of the city of Acre.

>17. AD 1200-1350: Cultural Shift
AD 1200 - 1350

A major tras*formation in the religious, jovenlandesal and artistic culture of Europe occurred during the Central Middle Ages, a shift in the whole tenor of Latin Christian civilization, its sensibility and values. The usual stress on the tras*formative effects of the Renaissance have obscured this fundamental cultural advance, whose effects are omnipresent in our culture today. In this episode we trace the outline of that great tras*formative shift.

>18. AD 1276-1347: Princely Sovereignty
AD 1276 - 1347

After Acre fell in 1291, it was to be more than a hundred years before European princes would undertake another major Crusade. Why was this so?
In this episode we see the emergence of Ottoman power in north-west Anatolia, sealing the permanent civilizational loss of Graeco-Roman Asia Minor to Christendom.
Europe, in contrast, appeared to be powerful and united under papal leadership, as the Republic of Christendom. But within European society deep political changes were afoot that would lead to centuries of internal civil war and paralysis vis-à-vis the wider Mediterranean world.

>19. AD 1347-1396: Division & Disasters
AD 1347 - 1396

The long secular rise of Christendom, unbroken since the 10th century, suffered severe setbacks during the 14th. The society had reached a high level of wealth, for the elite; those working the land had a standard of life better than in some regions of the 3rd World today. There were major gains on the peripheries: in Spain the last major invasion from jovenlandéscco was successfully repulsed; in the east pagan Lithuania opted to join the European cultural realm.

But internally the society was fracturing on several levels, as new ways of thinking and new forms of claims to authority collided with one another. Civil war was the result, and from it spewed forth chaos. While this almost paralysed Christendom, the Roman Empire at Constantinople was entering its final years, as the Ottoman Turks emerged as an enormous military power and tras*planted their centre to continental Europe.

>20. AD 1356-1414: The Great Schism
AD 1356 - 1414

In the later 1300s the Turks were able to grow in power and tighten their stranglehold on Constantinople because Latin Christendom was caught in a descending vortex of factional inner conflict.
The 100 Years War spawned new methods of warfare – the mercenary Companies. These became a source of systemic instability.
The period saw a long truce in the 100 Years War, unleashing the Companies into Spain and northern Italy. But none of the three kingdoms in Iberia – Castile, Aragon and Portugal – could achieve outright hegemony in the peninsula.
The papacy at Avignon systematized its hold on the ecclesiastical structure of Latin Christendom and extracted from all over Europe the coin to fund its wars in central Italy, in order to reassert its authority over the Papal States and make a return to Rome antiestéticasible. In the process, it drew sustained criticism from Italy and from some intellectuals.
Papal war in central Italy was partially successful, but the return of the pope in 1378 proved a disaster. A botched papal election led to two anti-popes claiming exclusive authority. Immediately warfare broke out and the entire Latin church descended into a 40-year Schism.
The Great Schism was a watershed in European religious sensibility, for the standing scandal it represented corroded social reverence for the office of the papacy and opened the way for individual university doctors to mount frontal assaults on the whole edifice of medieval religious assumptions. The result, in Bohemia, was a terrible religious civil war, a harbinger of the long-term future.

>21. AD 1414-1460: The End of the World (1)
AD 1414 - 1460

Part 1 – In 1400 Europe was religiously split and at war with itself in various regions. Constantinople would soon have fallen to the Turks besieging it had not Timur erupted from Samarkand and destroyed both Sultan Bayezid and his army. Meanwhile, during the period of respite, in the West exasperation with the Schism led to the Council of Constance, which finally healed it.
But the Council’s action also triggered an enormous religious millenarian revolution in Bohemia, called the Hussite Wars. The second Council at Basel entered into the direct conflict with the newly restored Roman papacy. The participation of the eastern Emperor and the entire hierarchy of the eastern church at the alternative Council convened by the pope at Florence outflanked the one at Basel, and also brought about a formal union of the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Meanwhile, in France a ruthless and triangular struggle was underway to seize power, between the Armagnacs, the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of England.

>22. The End of the World Part 2
AD 1414 ? 1460

Part 2 – In 1453 the Turks took Constantinople. This event finally ended the last remnant of the Roman Empire. It also shook Europe, challenged accepted beliefs about divine Providence and destroyed ancient certainties about the natural order of the world.
1453 was also the year in which the Valois monarchy won the 100 Years War, crystallizing for the future two distinct political ‘communities of identity’ – that of an England and that of a France.
Such enormous endings and new beginnings, happening simultaneously, provide a threshold historical moment which is a convenient point at which to end the series.

Con respecto a la caída del Imperio Romano siento disentir sobre la tras*formación gradual. Cierto que la imagen del imperio derrumbándose acosado por hordas de bárbaros no es toda la verdad, pero es más cercana a la verdad que la trasformación gradual.

Hordas de barbaros atravesaron el Rin helado el 406 (“cambio del clima climático”) hordas saquean Roma el 410 y el 455, hordas provocan el nacimiento de Venecia el 453 al destruir Aquilea etc etc.

Por otro lado los estados germánicos son profundamente racistas donde el matrimonio de germanos con romanos solo se abre camino muy lentamente desde la prohibición absoluta. La pervivencia de las estructuras tardo romanas solo se entiende desde el profundo sentido de inferioridad y la ineficiencia de la elite germana que debe recurrir a la estructura romana para mantener un mínimo de orden y exacción de impuestos.

Pero aunque los germanos se romanizan lentamente la crisis económica y tecnológica es mucho más rápida. El Imperio era un mercado común que permitía la circulación de productos y personas de un lado a otro del mediterráneo, los bárbaros (en especial los vándalos) aniquilaron el comercio en Europa Occidental. Tras la crisis económica vino la tecnológica. Sin la libre circulación de personas y productos, las sofisticadas ciudades decayeron por falta de mantenimiento. Bastaba que un acueducto dejara de fluir por unos pocos años para que ya no quedara nadie con el conocimiento para repararlo. Todo el avance en morteros y técnicas de construcción (altamente sofisticadas en el imperio tardío) se perdieron. Cosas aparentemente simples como construir una columna estaban fuera del alcance de todo Occidente.

Así que catástrofe sí. Y si fue lenta fue por la solidez de lo que estaba destruyendo.

Todo esto no menoscaba la importancia de la Edad Media. En muchos sentidos el hombre medieval tenía la mente más abierta que el hombre grecorromano (muy apegado a la tradición). Así el mundo grecorromano no fue capaz de desarrollar un reloj que mereciera el nombre y los arados “romanos” en realidad son medievales y permitieron abrir la Germania a la agricultura (así como el “cambio del clima climático”) y al progreso.

En general salvo en ciencia teórica (donde al final de la edad media era ya bastante superior) el nivel del mundo romano no se recupera hasta el siglo XVII y en algunas cosas hasta XVIII.

Delaney20 · 30 Ene 2014

@Plvs Vltra:

Bonita perorata. El autor no es anglosajón, es irlandés y católico. Durante los primeros capítulos, apenas se nombra siquiera a las islas británicas. España, junto a Francia e Italia tienen un papel central en la parte europea, explicado en detalle, y son a las que más tiempo se dedica. Por favor, ignorad este mensaje, no ha visto los videos, no sabe de lo que habla.

@jabeque:

El "IMPERIVM ROMANVM" no abarcaba solo Europa, y hacia los tiempos de Constantino y por ahí, de hecho Europa era la periferia del Imperio, la parte rica y dinámica, era la oriental. Europa, en aquella época, formaba parte de una entidad cultural mucho más grande: la cristiandad, con centro en Constantinopla (Turquía) que había desplazado a Roma (que incluso dejó de ser capital de la parte occidental del Imperio en favor de Rávena y Milán), entender ésto es la parte más importante. En occidente, la degradación de las estructuras imperiales (que se habían convertido en parte en estructuras de la iglesia para esa época: obispos, etc) no fue total, y como dices, los germanos no las destruyeron, se sirvieron de ellas para gobernar, integrándose progresivamente al mundo crstiano y manteniendo el contacto cultural con el resto, donde dichas estructuras seguían intactas; había correo e intercambios diplomáticos con Constantinopla; Clodoveo, rey franco, fue coronado como cónsul de la diócesis gala por el emperador Anastasio, que vino desde Constantinopla para tal fin: poco a poco esas estructuras se convirtieron en reinos independientes; para los escritos de la época de los reyes francos se usaban papiros egipcios, llevados desde Alejandría (Egipto) por mercaderes de Antioquía (Siria/Turquía), centros cultural y económico respectivamente de la crsitiandad de la época. Por no hablar del mayor filósofo y padre de la Iglesia, san Agustín de Hipona (Argelia actual), cuyos escritos influyeron a toda Europa y el Oriente, etc. Ni productos ni personas ni ideas dejaron de circular por el Mediterraneo con fluidez, hasta las invasiones islámicas (ahí se acabó el "Mare Nostrum"), es solo que Europa era más pobre y estaba más atrasada que el resto de la cristiandad en la época. Si le hubieras dicho al emperador en su palacio de Constantinopla que el Imperio romano había caído y estaban en medio de una "era oscura", se hubiera partido el tercer ojo. Para entender el origen cultural de la identidad europea, hay que ser un poco menos "eurocéntrico", porque somos herederos de una entidad mayor, y las bases intelectuales de la Europa medieval posterior, se fragüaron en el oriente próximo y norte de áfrica cristianos, parte aún del Imperio Romano de Oriente, débil, pero entero y funcionando a pleno nivel varios siglos más.

En los videos se explica muy bien.

@1974:

En la respuesta anterior creo que ya queda claro que las invasiones islámicas verdaderamente importantes para la cultura europea, fueron las que arrasaron los centros neurálgicos de la cristiandad (Egipto y Siria principalmente) prácticamente destruyendo el Imperio Romano Oriental, que aún estaba en pie, dejándolo reducido a una fracción de su tamaño, acabando con el Mediterraneo como centro neurálgico greco-cristiano (y empezando, ahí si, una era oscura para Europa y la cristiandad), por eso se les dedica el capítulo 5 entero. No obstante, en el capítulo 6, cuando habla de la cristiandad latina europea, se dedican entre 15-20 minutos (rondando una quinta parte del tiempo) a hablar de la España visigoda y la oleada turística islámica de la península; teniendo en cuenta que comparte capítulo con Italia (Roma, papado) el imperio carolingio (Francia) y Bizancio, no me parece ningunearla en absoluto.

_________________________

Toda opinión es bienvenida, pero ved los videos antes, mangurrianes, no me espanteis a la gente con anglocentrismos imaginarios y cosas así. Y no citeis el primer mensaje o ponedlo dentro de un spoiler, por favor, que es una enormidad y hay que quemar la ruedecilla del ratón para pasar de él.

jabeque_borrado · 30 Ene 2014

Delaney20 dijo:
@Plvs Vltra:

Bonita perorata. El autor no es anglosajón, es irlandés y católico. Durante los primeros capítulos, apenas se nombra siquiera a las islas británicas. España, junto a Francia e Italia tienen un papel central en la parte europea, explicado en detalle, y son a las que más tiempo se dedica. Por favor, ignorad este mensaje, no ha visto los videos, no sabe de lo que habla.

@jabeque:

El "IMPERIVM ROMANVM" no abarcaba solo Europa, y hacia los tiempos de Constantino y por ahí, de hecho Europa era la periferia del Imperio, la parte rica y dinámica, era la oriental. Europa, en aquella época, formaba parte de una entidad cultural mucho más grande: la cristiandad, con centro en Constantinopla (Turquía) que había desplazado a Roma (que incluso dejó de ser capital de la parte occidental del Imperio en favor de Rávena y Milán), entender ésto es la parte más importante. En occidente, la degradación de las estructuras imperiales (que se habían convertido en parte en estructuras de la iglesia para esa época: obispos, etc) no fue total, y como dices, los germanos no las destruyeron, se sirvieron de ellas para gobernar, integrándose progresivamente al mundo crstiano y manteniendo el contacto cultural con el resto, donde dichas estructuras seguían intactas; había correo e intercambios diplomáticos con Constantinopla; Clodoveo, rey franco, fue coronado como cónsul de la diócesis gala por el emperador Anastasio, que vino desde Constantinopla para tal fin: poco a poco esas estructuras se convirtieron en reinos independientes; para los escritos de la época de los reyes francos se usaban papiros egipcios, llevados desde Alejandría (Egipto) por mercaderes de Antioquía (Siria/Turquía), centros cultural y económico respectivamente de la crsitiandad de la época. Por no hablar del mayor filósofo y padre de la Iglesia, san Agustín de Hipona (Argelia actual), cuyos escritos influyeron a toda Europa y el Oriente, etc. Ni productos ni personas ni ideas dejaron de circular por el Mediterraneo con fluidez, hasta las invasiones islámicas (ahí se acabó el "Mare Nostrum"), es solo que Europa era más pobre y estaba más atrasada que el resto de la cristiandad en la época. Si le hubieras dicho al emperador en su palacio de Constantinopla que el Imperio romano había caído y estaban en medio de una "era oscura", se hubiera partido el tercer ojo. Para entender el origen cultural de la identidad europea, hay que ser un poco menos "eurocéntrico", porque somos herederos de una entidad mayor, y las bases intelectuales de la Europa medieval posterior, se fragüaron en el oriente próximo y norte de áfrica cristianos, parte aún del Imperio Romano de Oriente, débil, pero entero y funcionando a pleno nivel varios siglos más.

En los videos se explica muy bien.

@1974:

En la respuesta anterior creo que ya queda claro que las invasiones islámicas verdaderamente importantes para la cultura europea, fueron las que arrasaron los centros neurálgicos de la cristiandad (Egipto y Siria principalmente) prácticamente destruyendo el Imperio Romano Oriental, que aún estaba en pie, dejándolo reducido a una fracción de su tamaño, acabando con el Mediterraneo como centro neurálgico greco-cristiano (y empezando, ahí si, una era oscura para Europa y la cristiandad), por eso se les dedica el capítulo 5 entero. No obstante, en el capítulo 6, cuando habla de la cristiandad latina europea, se dedican entre 15 y 20 minutos (una cuarta parte del tiempo) a hablar de la España visigoda y la oleada turística islámica de la península; teniendo en cuenta que comparte capítulo con Italia (Roma, papado) y el imperio carolingio (Francia), no me parece ningunearla en absoluto.

Obviamente hablaba de occidente y ya sé que el colapso no fue total, pero en comparación con esa crisis la del 29 y la actual juntas son una broma.

Típico de estos reportajes en mezclar cosas. San Agustín San Agustín muere el 430, la catástrofe solo había empezado.

Sobre lo de Anastasio y Clodoveo ¿puedes darme la fuente? Que yo sepa ningún emperador oriental vino a occidente salvo Constante II el 663 y me sorprende bastante. Los títulos del imperio de Oriente no tenían más sentido que sostener la ficción de la unidad del Imperio pero no tenía ninguna validez real.

Esas estructuras no se convierten poco a poco en reinos independientes. Lo son antes de la caída del imperio de occidente. Simplemente la minoría germánica no podía destruir todo lo anterior porque se quedaba sin nada que explotar. Necesitaban a los romanos por fuerza, pero manteniéndolos como una mayoría oprimida y controlada.

El comercio en esa época era ridículo en comparación con la anterior. Hay épocas enteras sin acuñación de moneda o en cantidades ridículas. No puedes encontrar una solo columna monolítica en occidente que no sea reutilizada.
Primero porque tradicionalmente venían de la parte oriental, segundo porque en occidente no había nadie que las supiera hacer y tercero porque se derruían más rápido los edificios antiguos que se elevaban nuevos.

Roma pasó de un millón de habitantes a 20.000 hacia el siglo X (y eso con el papado), y mejor no hablar del resto de las ciudades de occidente. Solo en España, Italia y Norte de África sobrevivió un mínimo de vida urbana un poco más tiempo pero fiel a la religión del amores y lombardos se encargaron de aniquilarla.

No en vano los venecianos presumían de ser el único punto donde no llegaron los barbaros. En efecto probablemente fue la primera ciudad de occidente que salió de la crisis.

Es curioso que sea irlandés. Irlanda entra en la civilización en esa época. Para ellos era un avance. Para sus vecinos britanos no hubo no siquiera colapso fue una simple aniquilación.

En un foro de Madmaxistas

Europa Occidental entre 406 y 800 es la progenitora de todos los Madmax.:abajo:

Delaney20 · 30 Ene 2014

Cierto, lo de Anastasio y Clodoveo es un error mío por la traducción, lo apoyó, pero no llegó a venir. Lo de que los germanos al llenar el vació de poder del imperio occidental mantuvieron más o menos el funcionamiento decadente (comercio, escuelas, etc) que ya había y que el verdadero hundimiento se produjo con el control islámico del Mediterraneo y la pérdida de la mitad de la población cristiana y sus principales centros financieros y culturales, no es nueva, viene de Henri Pirenne. Cambió Europa pasando de ser una parte más de la cristiandad unida por el Mediterraneo, a una civilización terrestre y de interior. En lugar de estudiar Europa como si fuera una cosa independiente aislada de lo demás, la encuadra en su contexto: la cristiandad, que era mucho más amplio, y de la que no estaba aislada.

MAHOMA Y CARLOMAGNO – Henri Pirenne » Historia por épocas » Hislibris – Libros de Historia, libros con Historia

Henri Pirenne - Metahistoria

Ya que controlas de historia ¿Qué tal si le echas un vistazo a los videos y nos das tu opinión? Citan fuentes y libros de consulta, así que te responderá las dudas mejor que yo.

jabeque_borrado · 30 Ene 2014

Delaney20 dijo:
Cierto, lo de Anastasio y Clodoveo es un error mío por la traducción, lo apoyó, pero no llegó a venir. Lo de que los germanos al llenar el vació de poder del imperio occidental mantuvieron más o menos el funcionamiento decadente (comercio, escuelas, etc) que ya había y que el verdadero hundimiento se produjo con el control islámico del Mediterraneo y la pérdida de la mitad de la población cristiana y sus principales centros financieros y culturales, no es nueva, viene de Henri Pirenne. Cambió Europa pasando de ser una parte más de la cristiandad unida por el Mediterraneo, a una civilización terrestre y de interior. En lugar de estudiar Europa como si fuera una cosa independiente aislada de lo demás, la encuadra en su contexto: la cristiandad, que era mucho más amplio, y de la que no estaba aislada.

MAHOMA Y CARLOMAGNO – Henri Pirenne » Historia por épocas » Hislibris – Libros de Historia, libros con Historia

Henri Pirenne - Metahistoria

Ya que controlas de historia ¿Qué tal si le echas un vistazo a los videos y nos das tu opinión? Citan fuentes y libros de consulta, así que te responderá las dudas mejor que yo.

Hombre Pirenne. Yo entre en la historia con él. De acuerdo en los de los árabes. Dieron la puntilla al mundo mediterráneo. Pero el mundo mediterráneo agonizaba hacía mucho tiempo.

Los árabes arruinaron cualquier posibilidad de rehacer la unidad perdida (incluso la mera económica o comercial) . Pero insisto en que la decadencia era descomunal. Los árabes no destruyeron termas, o acueductos (salvo alguno en África), teatros, o circos hacía tiempo que habían dejado de funcionar.

Es más en cierta forma para Europa Occidental (excepto Hispania) la oleada turística árabe fue positiva, obligó a volverse al norte, abrió Germania, Irlanda y Britania a la “civilización” (ayudada por la mejora del clima) y lanzó el tímido renacimiento carolingio.

Sobre los videos simplemente no tengo tiempo.:´( Y salvo que tengan subtitulos en inglés fuera de mi compresión en esa lengua.:´

´

´(

Estoy leyendo esto que sostiene la tesis de la evolución gradual:

EL LEGADO DE ROMA - CHRIS WICKHAM, comprar el libro en tu librería online Casa del Libro

Pero soy más de esto:

Bryan Ward-Perkins - La Caida de Roma y El Fin de La Civilizacion

Por otro lado soy muy aficionado a la arquitectura romana, paleocristiana y prerrománica. Y su evolución me parece un significativo reflejo de situación económica y cultural.

Delaney20 · 30 Ene 2014

jabeque dijo:
Hombre Pirenne. Yo entre en la historia con él. De acuerdo en los de los árabes. Dieron la puntilla al mundo mediterráneo. Pero el mundo mediterráneo agonizaba hacía mucho tiempo.

Los árabes arruinaron cualquier posibilidad de rehacer la unidad perdida (incluso la mera económica o comercial) . Pero insisto en que la decadencia era descomunal. Los árabes no destruyeron termas, o acueductos (salvo alguno en África), teatros, o circos hacía tiempo que habían dejado de funcionar.

Es más en cierta forma para Europa Occidental (excepto Hispania) la oleada turística árabe fue positiva, obligó a volverse al norte, abrió Germania, Irlanda y Britania a la “civilización” (ayudada por la mejora del clima) y lanzó el tímido renacimiento carolingio.

Sobre los videos simplemente no tengo tiempo.:´( Y salvo que tengan subtitulos en inglés fuera de mi compresión en esa lengua.:´´´(

Estoy leyendo esto que sostiene la tesis de la evolución gradual:

EL LEGADO DE ROMA - CHRIS WICKHAM, comprar el libro en tu librería online Casa del Libro

Pero soy más de esto:

Bryan Ward-Perkins - La Caida de Roma y El Fin de La Civilizacion

Por otro lado soy muy aficionado a la arquitectura romana, paleocristiana y prerrománica. Y su evolución me parece un significativo reflejo de situación económica y cultural.

Chris Wickman tiene otro libro anterior, del 2007 de temática similar, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800, (Encuadrando la Alta Edad Media: Europa y el Mediterráneo, 400-800 más o menos, no se si lo hay en español)

Product Reviews: Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800: Amazon.com

defendiendo también que el paso de sociedades basadas en campesinos a unas basadas en sistemas feudales se dio también más tarde de lo que otros historiadores defienden y que las regiones menos dependientes de las estructuras imperiales, como buena parte de Francia, llevaron mejor el declive de la autoridad de Roma. Wickman se basa en datos arqueológicos y en los sistemas de impuestos. Los videos sostienen una visión similar, si lo estás leyendo , te haces una idea, supongo.

jabeque_borrado · 30 Ene 2014

Delaney20 dijo:
Chris Wickman tiene otro libro anterior, del 2007 de temática similar, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800, (Encuadrando la Alta Edad Media: Europa y el Mediterráneo, 400-800 más o menos, no se si lo hay en español)

Product Reviews: Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800: Amazon.com

defendiendo también que el paso de sociedades basadas en campesinos a unas basadas en sistemas feudales se dio también más tarde de lo que otros historiadores defienden y que las regiones menos dependientes de las estructuras imperiales, como buena parte de Francia, llevaron mejor el declive de la autoridad de Roma. Wickman se basa en datos arqueológicos y en los sistemas de impuestos. Los videos sostienen una visión similar, si lo estás leyendo , te haces una idea, supongo.

Precisamente sobre la caida de impuestos (y otras cosas) en el tardo imperio leí uno que no me acuerdo que confirmaba la tesis del colapso. Cuando lo encuentre lo pongo. El libro basicamente hacía la comparación entre el imperio occidental y el oriental y el diverso resultado ante las invasiones.

Redoña · 31 Ene 2014

Por cosas como estas me arrepiento de no saber inglés. Espero que pronto se pueda ver doblada al castellano

jabeque_borrado · 4 Feb 2014

Delaney20 dijo:
Chris Wickman tiene otro libro anterior, del 2007 de temática similar, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800, (Encuadrando la Alta Edad Media: Europa y el Mediterráneo, 400-800 más o menos, no se si lo hay en español)

Product Reviews: Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800: Amazon.com

defendiendo también que el paso de sociedades basadas en campesinos a unas basadas en sistemas feudales se dio también más tarde de lo que otros historiadores defienden y que las regiones menos dependientes de las estructuras imperiales, como buena parte de Francia, llevaron mejor el declive de la autoridad de Roma. Wickman se basa en datos arqueológicos y en los sistemas de impuestos. Los videos sostienen una visión similar, si lo estás leyendo , te haces una idea, supongo.

Ya he encotrado el libro:

The Rome that Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth Century: Gerard Friell, Stephen Williams: 9780415154031: Amazon.com: Books

Se puede encontrar de forma mucho más económica

Por cierto he avanzado en Wickman y no hace más que confirmar mis ideas.

Historia medieval. Europa desde sus orígenes, por Joseph Hogarty (Docus en Inglés)

Delaney20

Madmaxista

1974

Madmaxista

Plvs Vltra

Madmaxista

jabeque_borrado

Guest

Delaney20

Madmaxista

jabeque_borrado

Guest

Delaney20

Madmaxista

jabeque_borrado

Guest

Delaney20

Madmaxista

jabeque_borrado

Guest

Redoña

Madmaxista

jabeque_borrado

Guest

Similar threads