Hablemos de economía y Fracking...aun estamos a tiempo de parar esta locura

Fracking, el gran engaño – Radioactividad 28-02-2013

Hoy hablamos el fenómeno del shale gas, gas de esquisto o gas de pizarra y las consecuencias que tiene el uso de esta técnica de extracción. Con Pedro Prieto, Antonio Turiel, Oriol de la Dehesa y Rafael Íñiguez.


http://www.ivoox.com/fracking-gran-engano-radioactividad-28-02-2013_md_1828595_1.mp3

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Plataforma española sobre la exploración y desarrollo del shale gas/El experto opina

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"...Para empezar, ¿cuáles son los desafíos en materia de medio ambiente

La cuestión del cambio climático, que no es exclusiva de España y debe enfocarse desde una perspectiva global, es la principal. Es una cuestión además que afectará a nuestro país de forma importante dada su situación geográfica a caballo entre las zonas más cálidas del planeta y otras más frías que sufrirán con menos rigor las consecuencias del cambio climático. Es, por tanto, un eje básico a tener en cuenta en la planificación estratégica del país. ..."

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un tecnico preocupado dijo:

Cambiando de tema y aunque es un poco OFF TOPIC vengo a advertir de como estas multinacionales manejadas por "malos y oscuros intereses" (donde yo me gano el pan, todo sea dicho) no paran de inventar nueva jerga para confundirnos...

¿Os acordais del fracking? Esa dichosa técnica que nos va a contaminar nuestros acuíferos y que viene impulsada desde USA (estando detrás la empresa para la que trabajo) inyectando metales pesados, ácidos y otras sustancias quimicas para separar el crudo de la roca...

Pues ahora se llama Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) en castellano "recuperación mejorada de petróleo".

En este artículo se detalla como teniendo todos los medios técnicos para realizar este despropósito como nos vamos a quedar con las ganas...


"…Thermal Systems: Economically extracting significantly more oil from current oil reservoirs

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One of the fascinating things about my job is contemplating questions like: What will the future energy mix look like? This is difficult to predict but it is fair to argue that oil will still be in the mix for many years to come and this will be extended by Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies. GE is likely to be providing key equipment in the EOR application area to enable these operations. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) will enable old oil reserves to continue to provide the future oil demand in balance with coal, natural gas and renewable sources, as long as the economics of the methods are better than the world oil price.

Power production and energy security play a pivotal role in international politics and world economics. The earth has limited natural energy resources that take longer to be produced than the current rate of consumption. These resources are therefore considered non-renewable, for example fossil fuel hydrocarbon reserves. Many nations are aggressively growing energy from renewable sources such as wind and solar.

Early in the 20th century coal was the dominant energy source but late in the 20th century oil took over this position. Natural gas, biomass and hydrogen are expected to grow significantly in the 21st century. Oil is expected to remain an important portion of the future energy supply. However, conventional oil production from known deposits is declining due to the increasing age of the wells. Technology improvements such as deep water drilling, fracturing and horizontal drilling enable oil recovery that was previously not viable. Extraction from tar sands and tight oil is increasingly economically viable. However, other energy sources, such as shale gas and coal bed methane, also compete more vigorously with oil.

Oil production generally has three phases and in each phase more of the original oil in place (OOIP) is able to be extracted. Initially the oil generally gushes to the surface under its own pressure. With time, usually many years, this flow slows due to a declining driving force. The secondary phase is when the oil needs to be assisted out of the ground using artificial lift systems or injecting gases or fluids that maintain the pressure in the well. Eventually a stage is reached where pressure alone is unable to extract further oil. Then the oil properties or interaction between the oil and the rocks need to be changed – this is the tertiary phase also called enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Gas injection, thermal, chemical and microbial methods change the viscosity of the oil, the driving fluid viscosity or surface tension. The dominant technologies in EOR are CO2 flooding and steam injection. Hydrocarbon flooding, low salinity water, nitrogen and in-situ combustion are smaller and some are emerging. Low salinity water is considered a part of chemical flooding and in-situ combustion is a part of thermal.

GE is interested in EOR because it produces equipment that process gases and fluids. This equipment is required for injection into a well. Electricity is required at the well and this can be provided by GE gas turbines or gas engines. Mechanical drive is also available via GE products. There are also opportunities for GE products on the produced side of the oil extraction process. The extracted mixture from the well needs separation, further processing and possibly re-injection. The primary gases and fluids of interest are: natural gas (hydro carbon), water (steam), CO2, and Nitrogen. GE has researched CO2 Capture as part of the Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) initiatives. Also GE has researched alternative power cycles with the aim of CO2 capture, for example GE is collaborating with Sargas on such an advanced cycle. GE Water has processing and purification products, including desalination. Low salinity water EOR is a new technology in which reverse osmosis can play a role is the size and reliability can meet offshore requirements. GE has pumps and electrical submerged pumps in its product line-up for the artificial lift operations. All this GE technology may be applied to EOR operations via customers. Therefore GE is assessing their economic viability and technical antiestéticasibility.

GE is interested in EOR because GE produces lots of equipment that process gases and fluids. EOR requires pumps for injection of stimulation fluids into a well. EOR processes also require more electricity at the wellpad. The extracted mixture from the well needs separation and cleanup. GE makes equipment in all of these areas – pumps, power production, gas separation, water cleanup. But its not as simple as dropping in standard equipment. There is a lot to be gained by examining the entire system of hardware at an EOR wellpad, and investigating even better technologies for stimulating oil production. GE Global Research has active research in this space, including alternative power production technologies for the wellpad, new pumping technologies for this challenging environment, new water cleanup technologies, and even new stimulation fluids. The outcome will be incredibly impactful, as we figure out new ways to enable the clean production of important energy fuels for a growing world


November 19th, 2012 …"


Y no os creáis que van a dejar escapar la gallina de las narices de oro, asi como asi...solo hay que ver este gráfico elaborado por a IAE organisno nacional americano de la energía para ver donde prevén que estará la energía nuclear y el gas en los próximos años.

En este magnífico artículo tenéis mucha mas información.

el fracaso del fracking

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Según la wiki española...

La fracturación hidráulica o fractura hidráulica (comúnmente conocida en inglés como hydraulic fracturing o fracking1 )2 es una técnica para posibilitar o aumentar la extracción de gas y petróleo del subsuelo. El procedimiento consiste en la inyección a presión de algún material en el terreno, con el objetivo de ampliar las fracturas existentes en el sustrato rocoso que encierra el gas o el petróleo, y favoreciendo así su salida hacia el exterior. Habitualmente el material inyectado es agua con arena y productos químicos, aunque ocasionalmente se pueden emplear espumas o gases.

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!!Vaya en la wiki en versión inglesa hay mas detalles¡¡

Hydraulic fracturing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


The fracturing fluid varies in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, the conditions of the specific well being fractured, and the water characteristics. A typical fracture treatment uses between 3 and 12 additive chemicals.[34] Although there may be unconventional fracturing fluids, the typical used chemical additives are:

Acids—hydrochloric acid (usually 28%-5%), or acetic acid is used in the pre-fracturing stage for cleaning the perforations and initiating fissure in the near-wellbore rock.[44]

Sodium chloride (salt)—delays breakdown of the gel polymer chains.[44]

Polyacrylamide and other friction reducers—minimizes the friction between fluid and pipe, thus allowing the pumps to pump at a higher rate without having greater pressure on the surface.[44] Polyacrylamide are good suspension agents ensuring the proppant does not fall out.

Ethylene glycol—prevents formation of the scale deposits in the pipe.[44]

Borate salts—used for maintaining fluid viscosity during the temperature increase.[44]

Sodium and potassium carbonates—used for maintaining effectiveness of crosslinkers.[44]

Glutaraldehyde—used as disinfectant of the water (bacteria elimination).[44]

Guar gum and other water-soluble gelling agents—increases viscosity of the fracturing fluid to deliver more efficiently the proppant into the formation.[41][44]

Citric acid—used for corrosion prevention.
Isopropanol—increases the viscosity of the fracture fluid.[44]

The most common chemical used for hydraulic fracturing in the United States in 2005–2009 was methanol, while some other most widely used chemicals were isopropyl alcohol, 2-butoxyethanol, and ethylene glycol.[46]

Typical fluid types are:

Conventional linear gels. These gels are cellulose derivatives (carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl hydroxyl ethyl cellulose), guar or its derivatives (hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar) based, with other chemicals providing the necessary chemistry for the desired results.

Borate-crosslinked fluids. These are guar-based fluids cross-linked with boron ions (from aqueous borax/boric acid solution). These gels have higher viscosity at pH 9 onwards and are used to carry proppants. After the fracturing job the pH is reduced to 3–4 so that the cross-links are broken and the gel is less viscous and can be pumped out.

Organometallic-crosslinked fluids zirconium, chromium, antimony, titanium salts are known to crosslink the guar based gels. The crosslinking mechanism is not reversible. So once the proppant is pumped down along with the cross-linked gel, the fracturing part is done. The gels are broken down with appropriate breakers.[41]

Aluminium phosphate-ester oil gels. Aluminium phosphate and ester oils are slurried to form cross-linked gel. These are one of the first known gelling systems.

For slickwater it is common to include sweeps or a reduction in the proppant concentration temporarily to ensure the well is not overwhelmed with proppant causing a screen-off.[47] As the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity reducing agents such as oxidizers and enzyme breakers are sometimes then added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback.[41] The oxidizer reacts with the gel to break it down, reducing the fluid's viscosity and ensuring that no proppant is pulled from the formation. An enzyme acts as a catalyst for the breaking down of the gel. Sometimes pH modifiers are used to break down the crosslink at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a pH buffer system to stay viscous.[47] At the end of the job the well is commonly flushed with water (sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical) under pressure. Injected fluid is to some degree recovered and is managed by several methods, such as underground injection control, treatment and discharge, recycling, or temporary storage in pits or containers while new technology is being continually being developed and improved to better handle waste water and improve re-usability.[34]

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